ÿþTY - BOOK T1 - Treating violence: a guide to risk management in mental health A1 - Maden T Y1 - 2007/01// PB - Oxford University Press CY - Oxford SN - 0-1985-2690-3 SP - 1 EP - 200 N2 - - ER - TY - BOOK T1 - The Maudsley Prescribing Guidelines 9th Edition A1 - Taylor D A1 - Paton C A1 - Kerwin R ED - Taylor D, Paton C, Kerwin R Y1 - 2007/// VL - 9th PB - Informa Healthcare CY - UK SP - 1 EP - 543 N2 - - ER - TY - BOOK T1 - Essential Tremor - the Facts A1 - Mark Plumb A1 - Peter Bain Y1 - 2007/// VL - First PB - Oxford University Press CY - Oxford, UK N2 - - ER - TY - BOOK T1 - Working with children and adolescents: an evidence-based approach to risk and resilience. A1 - Garralda ME A1 - Flament M ED - Garralda ME Flament M Y1 - 2006/// VL - First PB - Rowman and Littlefield CY - New York N2 - - ER - TY - BOOK T1 - Coping with Multiple Sclerosis A1 - Cynthia Benz A1 - Richard Reynolds Y1 - 2005/05// PB - Vermilion CY - London SN - 0091902460 SP - 1 EP - 302 N2 - - ER - TY - BOOK T1 - The Maudsley Prescribing Guidelines 2005/6 A1 - Taylor D A1 - Paton C A1 - Kerwin R ED - David Taylor, Carol Paton, Robert Kerwin Y1 - 2005/// VL - 8th PB - Martin Dunitz CY - UK SN - 1 84184 500 0 N2 - - ER - TY - BOOK T1 - Guide to Psychiatric Examination A1 - Aquilina C A1 - Warner J Y1 - 2004/// PB - Pastest SN - 1-9046-2714-5 N2 - - ER - TY - BOOK T1 - Clinical Disorders of Posture and Gait A1 - Bronstein AM ED - Bronstein AM; Brandt T; Woollacott MH; Nutt JG Y1 - 2004/// PB - Arnold CY - London SN - 0 340 80657 5 N2 - - UR - http://www.hodderheadline.co.uk/index.asp?url=bookdetails.asp&book=37741 ER - TY - BOOK T1 - How to cope with stress A1 - Tyrer P Y1 - 2003/04// PB - Sheldon Press CY - London SN - 0-85969-880-7 N2 - - ER - TY - BOOK T1 - The Maudsley Prescribing Guidelines 2003 A1 - Taylor D A1 - Paton C A1 - Kerwin R ED - David Taylor, Carol Paton, Robert Kerwin Y1 - 2003/// VL - 7th PB - Martin Dunitz CY - London, UK SN - 1 84184 176 5 N2 - - ER - TY - BOOK T1 - Managing Children with Psychiatric Problems A1 - Garralda Hualde ME ED - Garralda ME; Hyde C Y1 - 2003/// PB - BMJ N2 - - ER - TY - BOOK T1 - Case Studies in Psychopharmacology A1 - Taylor D A1 - Paton C ED - David Taylor, Carol Paton Y1 - 2002/// VL - 2nd PB - Martin Dunitz CY - London, UK SN - 1 84184 154 4 N2 - - ER - TY - BOOK T1 - Beyond the Clinic: Survival Skils for ophthalmologists A1 - Moseley MJ A1 - Murray PI Y1 - 2002/// SN - 0-7506-4487-7 N2 - - ER - TY - BOOK T1 - Autonomic Failure: A Textbook of Clinical Disorders of the Autonomic Nervous System A1 - Mathias CJ ED - Mathias CJ; Bannister R Y1 - 2002/// PB - Oxford University Press CY - Oxford SN - 0-1926-2850-X N2 - - ER - TY - BOOK T1 - Neurological Disorders: Course and Management A1 - Brandt, T A1 - Caplan, L R A1 - Dichgans, J A1 - Diener, H C A1 - Kennard , C Y1 - 2002/// VL - 2nd PB - Academic Press CY - San Diego N2 - - ER - TY - BOOK T1 - Dementia: Alzheimer's disease and other dementias A1 - Cayton H A1 - Graham N A1 - Warner J Y1 - 2002/// SN - 1-8595-9075-6 N2 - - ER - TY - BOOK T1 - Outcome of psychiatric admission through the courts. A1 - James D A1 - Farnham F A1 - Moorey H A1 - Lloyd H A1 - Hill K A1 - Blizard R A1 - Barnes TRE Y1 - 2002/// PB - RDS Occasional Paper No. 79. Home Office CY - London SN - 1-84082-804-8 N2 - - ER - TY - BOOK T1 - Psychiatric Intensive Care A1 - Beer MD A1 - Pereira SM A1 - Paton C ED - Dominic Beer, Stephen Pereira, Carol Paton Y1 - 2001/// VL - 1st PB - Greenwich Medical Media Ltd CY - London, UK SN - 1 900151 87 1 N2 - - ER - TY - BOOK T1 - Current issues in essential tremor. A continuing medical education monograph. A1 - Bain, PG A1 - Brin, MF A1 - Deuschl, G A1 - Elble, RJ A1 - Findley, LJ A1 - Jankovic, J A1 - Koller, WC A1 - Pahwah, R Y1 - 1999/// PB - Embryon, Inc N2 - - ER - TY - CHAP T1 - Interactions of Neuroinflammatory and Neurodegenerative Mechanisms in Alzheimer's Disease A1 - Heneka, M.T. A1 - Sastre, M. ED - Yenari and R.G. Giffard T2 - Glia and inflammation in neurodegenerative disease Y1 - 2007/// SN - 1-59454-984-2 SP - 117 EP - 157 N2 - - ER - TY - CHAP T1 - Spindle cell oncocytoma A1 - Fuller GN A1 - Scheithauer BW A1 - Roncaroli F A1 - Wesseling P ED - Louis DN, Ohgaki H, Wiesler OD, Cavanee WK T2 - WHO Classification of Tumours of the Central Nervous System Y1 - 2007/// VL - Third PB - WHO Press - IARC CY - Lyon, France SP - 245 EP - 246 N2 - - ER - TY - CHAP T1 - Treatment options for young people and refugees with posttraumatic stress disorder A1 - Hodes M A1 - Diaz-Caneja A ED - Hosin A T2 - Children, Families and Refugees of Multiple Traumas: Contemporary Issues in Mental Health Y1 - 2006/11// PB - Palgrave Macmillan CY - Basingstoke, Hampshire SN - 1403996806 N2 - - ER - TY - CHAP T1 - Pharmacology and personality disorders. A1 - Newton-Howes, G ED - Sampson, M., Tyrer, P. & McCubbin, R. T2 - Chapter in: Personality Disorders and Community Mental Health Teams: A Practitioner Guide. Y1 - 2006/// PB - Wiley CY - Chichester N2 - - ER - TY - CHAP T1 - Epidemiology. A1 - Crawford M ED - C. Freeman, P. Tyrer T2 - Research Methods in Psychiatry Y1 - 2006/// VL - 3rd Edition PB - Gaskell CY - London SP - 53 EP - 72 N2 - - ER - TY - CHAP T1 - Functional somatic symptoms and somatoform disorders in children A1 - Garralda ME ED - C Gillberg, R Harrington, HC Steinhausen T2 - A Clinician's Handbook of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Y1 - 2006/// PB - Cambridge University Press SP - 246 EP - 271 N2 - - ER - TY - CHAP T1 - Analysis of circadian output rhythms of gene expression in Neurospora and mammalian cells in culture A1 - Duffield, GE A1 - Loros, JJ A1 - Dunlap, JC ED - MW Young T2 - Methods in Enzymology Y1 - 2005/// VL - Circadian Rhythms M2 - 393 PB - Elsevier CY - San Diego and London SP - 315 EP - 341 N2 - - ER - TY - CHAP T1 - Gender identiy disorders A1 - Green, R ED - Sadock, B and Sadock,V T2 - Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry Y1 - 2005/// VL - Eighth M2 - 1 PB - Lippincott Williams Wilkins CY - Philadelphia SN - 0-7817-3434-7 SP - 1979 EP - 1990 N2 - - ER - TY - CHAP T1 - The Clinical Assessment of Essential Tremor A1 - Bain PG ED - Pahwa & Lyons T2 - Handbook of essential tremor and other tremor disoders Y1 - 2005/// PB - Marcel Dekker SN - 0-8247-2645-6 SP - 93 EP - 115 N2 - - ER - TY - CHAP T1 - Pharmacogenetic issues A1 - Walker MC A1 - Johnson MR A1 - Patsalos PN ED - Majkowski J, Bougeois BFD, Patsalos PN and Mattson RH T2 - Antiepileptic drugs: Combination therapy and interactions Y1 - 2005/// PB - University Press N2 - - ER - TY - CHAP T1 - Neurological eye problems A1 - Hussain, M A1 - Kennard, C T2 - Medicine 32 Y1 - 2004/// SP - 6 EP - 9 N2 - - ER - TY - CHAP T1 - Degenerative and metabolic disorders in adults A1 - Nachev P A1 - Kennard, C ED - N. R. Miller, N. J. Newman, T2 - Walsh and Hoyt's Clinical Neuro-opthalmology Y1 - 2004/// VL - 6th PB - Williams and Wilkins CY - Baltimore SP - 2513 EP - 2550 N2 - - ER - TY - CHAP T1 - Difficult Adolescent Consultations: Reflections of a child & adolescent psychiatrist A1 - Kramer T ED - Donovan C; Suckling H T2 - Difficult Adolescent Consultations Y1 - 2004/// PB - Radcliff N2 - - ER - TY - CHAP T1 - Oculomotor dysfunction in Parkinson's disease A1 - Nachev, P A1 - Kennard, C ED - RF Pfieffer, I Bodis-Wollner T2 - Parkinson's disease and non-motor dysfunction Y1 - 2004/// SP - 235 EP - 256 N2 - - ER - TY - CHAP T1 - Challenges to psychiatry: antipsychiatry, the user movement and stigma. A1 - Moncrieff J A1 - Byrne P ED - P. Wright, J. Stern, M. Phelan T2 - Core Psychiatry Y1 - 2004/// SN - 0-7020-2718-9 SP - 1 EP - 18 N2 - - ER - TY - CHAP T1 - Refugee children in the UK A1 - Hodes M ED - M Malek & C Joughin T2 - Mental Health Services for Minority Ethnic Children Y1 - 2004/// PB - Jessica Kingsley CY - London SN - 1-84310-236-6 SP - 152 EP - 168 N2 - - ER - TY - CHAP T1 - The hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis A1 - John CD A1 - Theogaraj E A1 - Buckingham JC ED - Evers E & Maze M T2 - Anaesthetic Pharmacology: Physiologic Principles and Clinical Practice Y1 - 2004/// PB - Harcourt Health Sciences CY - St Louis, Missouri, USA N2 - - ER - TY - CHAP T1 - Pituitary carcinoma A1 - Scheithauer BW A1 - Kovacs K A1 - Horvath E A1 - Roncaroli F A1 - Ezzat S A1 - Asa SL A1 - Lloyd RV A1 - Nose V A1 - Watson RE Jr A1 - Lindell EP ED - DeLellis RA, Lloyd RV, Heitz U, Eng C T2 - Pathology & Genetics of Tumours of Endocrine Organs Y1 - 2004/// PB - IARC Press CY - Lyon France SP - 36 EP - 39 N2 - - ER - TY - CHAP T1 - Cognitive-behavior therapy for patients with physical illnesses A1 - Sensky T ED - Wright JH T2 - Review of Psychiatry Y1 - 2004/// M2 - 23 No 3 PB - American Psychiatric Press CY - Washington DC SN - 1-58562-178-1 SP - 83 EP - 121 N2 - - ER - TY - CHAP T1 - Movement disorders in unmedicated schizophrenia A1 - Barbenel DM A1 - Barnes TRE ED - KP Sethi T2 - Drug-Induced Movement Disorders Y1 - 2004/// PB - Marcel Dekker CY - New York SP - 15 EP - 36 N2 - - ER - TY - CHAP T1 - Extrapyramidal symptoms A1 - Dursun S A1 - Haddad PM A1 - Barnes TRE ED - P Haddad, S Dursun, B Deakin T2 - Adverse syndromes and psychiatric drugs Y1 - 2004/// PB - Oxford University Press CY - Oxford SN - 0-19-852748-9 SP - 1 EP - 20 N2 - - ER - TY - CHAP T1 - Anxiety Disorders in Chilren and Adolescents A1 - Fung G A1 - Garralda ME ED - D Skuse T2 - Child Psychology and Psychiatry: An Introduction Y1 - 2003/// PB - The Medicine Publishing Company CY - Oxon SP - 141 EP - 146 N2 - - ER - TY - CHAP T1 - Mortality and sudden death in schizophrenia A1 - Barnes TRE A1 - Kerwin R ED - J Camm. T2 - Cardiovascular Risk Associated with Schizophrenia and its Treatment Y1 - 2003/// PB - Galliard Healthcare Communications CY - London SN - 0-9544351-0-9 SP - 7 EP - 23 N2 - - ER - TY - CHAP T1 - Classification of Schizophrenia and Related Psychiatric Disorders A1 - Sharma, T A1 - Bajaj, P ED - Soares JC & Gershon S T2 - Handbook of Medical Psychiatry Y1 - 2003/// PB - Marcel Dekker, Inc CY - New York SP - 69 EP - 78 N2 - - ER - TY - CHAP T1 - Somatisation and somatoform disorders in childhood and adolescence A1 - Garralda ME ED - D Skuse T2 - Child Psychology and Psychiatry: An Introduction Y1 - 2003/// PB - The Medicine Publishing Company CY - Oxon SP - 129 EP - 132 N2 - - ER - TY - CHAP T1 - Immunological Aspects of Multiple Sclerosis with Emphasis on the Potential Use of Autologous Hemopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation A1 - Muraro, P A A1 - McFarland, H F A1 - Martin, R ED - Burt R, Marmont A T2 - Stem Cell Therapy for Autoimmune Diseas Y1 - 2003/// PB - Landes Bioscience CY - Georgetown, TX SN - 1-58706-031-0 SP - 277 EP - 283 N2 - - UR - http://www.landesbioscience.com/books/special/id/812 ER - TY - CHAP T1 - Visual Pathways A1 - Kennard C ED - D A Warrell, T M Cox, J D Firth, E J Benz T2 - The Oxford Textbook of Medicine Y1 - 2003/// VL - 4th M2 - Vol 3 PB - Oxford University Press SP - 972 EP - 978 N2 - - ER - TY - CHAP T1 - Essential tremor and primary writing tremor A1 - Bain PG ED - Hallet M T2 - the Handbook of Clinical Neurophysiology, Vol 1: Movement Disorders Y1 - 2003/// M2 - Ch 23 PB - Elselvier Science CY - Amsterdam SP - 365 EP - 376 N2 - - ER - TY - CHAP T1 - Adjustment and psychopathology amongst Afro-Caribbean children and adolescents in the U.K. A1 - Kramer T A1 - Hodes M ED - D. Ndegwa & D. Olajide T2 - Main Issues in Mental Health and Race Y1 - 2003/// PB - Ashgate CY - Aldershot, England SP - 175 EP - 200 N2 - - ER - TY - CHAP T1 - Self, identity and acceptance in chronic pain A1 - Crombez G A1 - Morley S A1 - MacCracken L A1 - Sensky T A1 - Pincus T ED - Dostrovsky JO, Carr DB, Koltzenberg M T2 - Progress in Pain Research and Management Y1 - 2003/// PB - International Association for the Study of Pain CY - Seattle WA SN - 0-9310-9246-9 SP - 651 EP - 659 N2 - - ER - TY - CHAP T1 - Vestibular system disorders A1 - Kennard, C T2 - Encyclopaedia of Life Sciences Y1 - 2003/// PB - Macmillan Reference Limited (in press) N2 - - ER - TY - CHAP T1 - Lesions of the periphery and spinal cord A1 - Angel MJ A1 - Davey N A1 - Ellaway P A1 - Chen R ED - Boniface S, Ziemann U T2 - Plasticity in the human nervous system Y1 - 2003/// PB - Cambridge University Press CY - Cambridge SN - 0-5110-5752-0 SP - 204 EP - 230 N2 - - ER - TY - CHAP T1 - Tremor A1 - Bain PG A1 - Navan P A1 - Aziz TZ ED - Brandt T, Caplan LR, Dichgans J, Diener HC, Kennard C T2 - Neurological Disorders: Course and Treatment, 2nd Edition Y1 - 2003/// M2 - Ch 86 PB - Academic Press CY - London SP - 1233 EP - 1245 N2 - - ER - TY - CHAP T1 - Normal and abnormal eye movements A1 - Kennard C ED - L Luxon T2 - A Textbook of Audiological Medicine: Clinical Aspects of Hearing and Balance Y1 - 2003/// PB - Martin Dunitz CY - London SP - 781 EP - 796 N2 - - ER - TY - CHAP T1 - Family work and family therapy in child mental health A1 - Goldberg D A1 - Hodes M ED - E Garralda & C Hyde T2 - Managing Children with Psychiatric Problems Y1 - 2003/// PB - BMJ Publishing Group Ltd CY - London SP - 111 EP - 123 N2 - - ER - TY - CHAP T1 - Scales to measure behavioural and emotional adjustment in children and their families A1 - Gledhill J A1 - Garralda ME ED - D Skuse T2 - Child Psychology and Psychiatry: An Introduction Y1 - 2003/// PB - The Medicine Publishing Company CY - Oxon SP - 39 EP - 48 N2 - - ER - TY - CHAP T1 - Dementing illness and Complementary and Alternative Medicine A1 - McCarney R A1 - Warner J ED - Cherniak P and Cherniak N T2 - Alternative Medicine for the Elderly Y1 - 2003/// PB - Springer CY - Berlin SN - 3-5404-4169-7 SP - 425 EP - 436 N2 - - ER - TY - CHAP T1 - Primary Health Care Psychiatry A1 - Garralda ME T2 - Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Y1 - 2002/// M2 - 4th SN - 0-6320-1228-5 SP - 1090 EP - 1100 N2 - - ER - TY - CHAP T1 - Postprandial hypotension in autonomic disorders A1 - Mathias CJ A1 - Bannister R ED - Mathias CJ, Bannister R T2 - Autonomic Failure: A Textbook of Clinical Disorders of the Autonomic Nervous System Y1 - 2002/// M2 - 4th edition PB - Oxford University Press CY - Oxford SP - 283 EP - 295 N2 - - ER - TY - CHAP T1 - Promoting continuity of care for people with severe mental illness whose needs span primary, secondary and social care A1 - Freeman G A1 - Crawford MJ A1 - Weaver T A1 - Low J A1 - de Jonge E T2 - Report for the National Co-ordinating Centre for NHS Service Delivery and Organisation R & D (NCCSDO Y1 - 2002/// N2 - - UR - http://www.sdo.lshtm.ac.uk/pdf/coc_mentalillness_freeman.pdf ER - TY - CHAP T1 - Autonomic function and dysfunction A1 - Mathias CJ T2 - Diseases of the nervous system: Clinical neuorscience and therapeutic principles Y1 - 2002/// M2 - 3rd SN - 0-5217-9351-3 SP - 773 EP - 794 N2 - - ER - TY - CHAP T1 - Social function, chronic strains and personality difficulties A1 - Tyrer P A1 - Karlsen S A1 - Crawford MJ T2 - Ethnic minority psychiatric illness rates in the community (EMPIRIC) - Quantitative report Y1 - 2002/// SN - 0-1132-2582-2 SP - 63 EP - 71 N2 - - UR - http://www.doh.gov.uk/public/empiric.pdf ER - TY - CHAP T1 - Risk factors for dyskinesia in the elderly A1 - Barnes TRE T2 - Principles and Practice of Geriatric Psychiatry Y1 - 2002/// M2 - 2nd SN - 0-4719-8197-4 SP - 527 EP - 533 N2 - - ER - TY - CHAP T1 - Investigation of autonomic disorders A1 - Mathias CJ A1 - Bannister R ED - Mathias CJ, Bannister R T2 - Autonomic Failure: A Textbook of Clinical Disorders of the Autonomic Nervous System Y1 - 2002/// M2 - 4th edition PB - Oxford University Press CY - Oxford SP - 169 EP - 195 N2 - - ER - TY - CHAP T1 - Movement disorders: functional imaging A1 - Brooks DJ T2 - Parkinson's disease and movement disorders Y1 - 2002/// M2 - 4th SN - 0-7817-3515-7 SP - 95 EP - 110 N2 - - ER - TY - CHAP T1 - Disorders of Vision A1 - Morland, A A1 - Kennard, C ED - A.K. Asbury, G.M. McKhann, W.I. McDonald T2 - Diseases of the Nervous System - Clinical Neurobiology Y1 - 2002/// VL - 3rd PB - Saunders CY - Philadelphia SP - 621 EP - 633 N2 - - ER - TY - CHAP T1 - Introduction and classification of autonomic disorders A1 - Bannister R A1 - Mathias CJ ED - Mathias CJ, Bannister R T2 - Autonomic Failure: A Textbook of Clinical Disorders of the Autonomic Nervous System Y1 - 2002/// M2 - 4th edition PB - Oxford University Press CY - Oxford N2 - - ER - TY - CHAP T1 - Alcohol and other Toxic Dementias A1 - Joyce EM T2 - Principles and Practice of Geriatric Medicine Y1 - 2002/// M2 - 2nd SN - 0-4719-8197-4 N2 - - ER - TY - CHAP T1 - Annexin 1 (Lipocortin 1) A1 - Solito E A1 - Mulla A A1 - Flower RJ A1 - Buckingham JC T2 - Wiley Encyclopaedia of Molecular Medicine Y1 - 2002/// SN - 0-4713-7496-2 SP - 1943 EP - 1947 N2 - - ER - TY - CHAP T1 - Sexual identity and sexual orientation A1 - Green, R ED - Pfaff, D T2 - Hormones, Brain and Behavior Y1 - 2002/// M2 - 4 PB - Academic CY - San Diego SN - 0-1253-2104-X SP - 463 EP - 486 N2 - - ER - TY - CHAP T1 - Drink, drugs and dependence: from science to clinical practice A1 - Cann W A1 - de Belleroche J Y1 - 2002/// SN - 0-4152-7891-0 N2 - - ER - TY - CHAP T1 - Amblyopia: A Multidisciplinary Approach A1 - Moseley MJ A1 - Fielder A Y1 - 2002/// SN - 0-7506-4691-8 SP - 81 EP - 104 N2 - - ER - TY - CHAP T1 - Imaging Huntington's disease A1 - Brooks DJ A1 - Andrews T T2 - Huntington's disease Y1 - 2002/// M2 - 3rd SN - 0-1985-1060-8 SP - 95 EP - 110 N2 - - ER - TY - CHAP T1 - Social function, chronic strains and personality difficulties A1 - Tyrer P A1 - Karlsen S A1 - Crawford MJ T2 - Ethnic minority psychiatric illness rates in the community (EMPIRIC) - Quantitative report Y1 - 2002/// SN - 0-1132-2582-2 SP - 63 EP - 71 N2 - - UR - http://www.doh.gov.uk/public/empiric.pdf ER - TY - CHAP T1 - Alzheimer's disease A1 - Warner JP A1 - Butler RE Y1 - 2001/06// SN - 0-7279-1504-5 SP - 630 EP - 641 N2 - - ER - TY - CHAP T1 - Looking and seeing Gordon Holmes - 1936 John Mallet Purser Lecture revisited A1 - Kennard, C ED - R Clifford-Rose T2 - Twentieth Century Neurology Y1 - 2001/// PB - Imperial College Press SP - 107 EP - 114 N2 - - ER - TY - CHAP T1 - The central autonomic disturbance in Rett syndrome A1 - Julu, POO ED - Alison Kerr and Ingegerd Witt Engerstrom T2 - Rett Disorder and the Developing Brain Y1 - 2001/// PB - Oxford University Press CY - Oxford SN - 0-1926-3083-0 SP - 131 EP - 181 N2 - - ER - TY - CHAP T1 - Diplopia and ptosis in a young man A1 - Mort DJ A1 - Kennard C Y1 - 2001/// M2 - (Case 20) SN - 0-7506-4304-8 SP - 165 EP - 175 N2 - - ER - TY - CHAP T1 - Tremor clinical measurement of impairment, disability and handicap A1 - Alusi SH A1 - Bain PG Y1 - 2001/// M2 - 28 SN - 1-8523-3239-5 SP - 339 EP - 346 N2 - - ER - TY - CHAP T1 - Deafness, vertigo and imbalance A1 - Kennard C Y1 - 2001/// M2 - 11th edition (9) SN - 0-1926-2618-3 SP - 295 EP - 310 N2 - - ER - TY - CHAP T1 - Glucocorticoids and the HPA axis A1 - Cowell AM A1 - Buckingham JC Y1 - 2001/// SN - 3-7643-6059-3 SP - 129 EP - 146 N2 - - ER - TY - CHAP T1 - The functional neuroanatomy of emotional disorders : focus on depression and posttraumatic stress disorder A1 - Lawrence AD A1 - Grasby PM Y1 - 2001/// M2 - 2nd Edition (10) SN - 0-4445-0362-5 N2 - - ER - TY - CHAP T1 - Abnormalities of smell and taste A1 - Kennard C Y1 - 2001/// VL - 11th SN - 0-1926-2618-3 SP - 311 EP - 316 N2 - - ER - TY - CHAP T1 - Neuroscience A1 - Joyce E Y1 - 2001/// M2 - 2nd edition (5) SN - 0-3407-6377-9 SP - 83 EP - 118 N2 - - ER - TY - CHAP T1 - Retinitis pigmentosa and allied disorders A1 - Weleber RG A1 - Gregory-Evans K ED - SJ Ryan T2 - Retina Y1 - 2001/// PB - Mosby, Inc. CY - St Louis, Missouri, USA SN - 0-323-00804-6 SP - 362 EP - 460 N2 - - ER - TY - CHAP T1 - Is there a single best surgical procedure for the alleviation of Parkinson's disease? Basal Ganglia and Thalamus A1 - Aziz T A1 - Parkin S A1 - Joint C A1 - Gregory R A1 - Bain PG A1 - Stein JF A1 - Scott R ED - Llinsky K, Llinsky IA T2 - Health and Movement Disorders Y1 - 2001/// PB - Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers CY - New York SP - 317 EP - 326 N2 - - ER - TY - CHAP T1 - Methods for evaluating community treatments A1 - Tyrer P Y1 - 2001/// SN - 0-1926-2997-2 SP - 63 EP - 72 N2 - - ER - TY - CHAP T1 - Visual defects as a result of occipital lesions A1 - Pambakian ALM A1 - Kennard, C ED - JE Harrison, AM Owen, Martin Dunitz T2 - Cognitive deficits in brain disorders Y1 - 2001/// CY - London SP - 99 EP - 120 N2 - - ER - TY - CHAP T1 - Suicide and suicide attempts A1 - Crawford M Y1 - 2001/// SN - 1-8530-2934-3 SP - 259 EP - 262 N2 - - ER - TY - CHAP T1 - Tremor behaviour trial design and physiological outcome measures A1 - Alusi SH A1 - Bain PG Y1 - 2001/// M2 - 29 SN - 1-8523-3239-5 SP - 347 EP - 358 N2 - - ER - TY - CHAP T1 - Characterisation of the CRX gene: identification of alternatively spliced 5' exons and 3' sequence A1 - Hodges MJ A1 - Gregory-Evans CY Y1 - 2001/// SN - 0-3064-6679-1 SP - 71 EP - 86 N2 - - ER - TY - CHAP T1 - Neuro-ophthalmology A1 - Kennard C Y1 - 2001/// M2 - 11th edition (8) SN - 0-1926-2618-3 SP - 237 EP - 294 N2 - - ER - TY - CHAP T1 - Causes et rehabilitation du malaise et de la nausee dans les troubles vestibulaires A1 - Yen Pik Sang F A1 - Golding JF A1 - Gresty MA Y1 - 2001/// SN - 2-9145-1316-X SP - 75 EP - 85 N2 - - ER - TY - CHAP T1 - Treating neurogenic orthostatic hypotension A1 - Wieling W A1 - Cortelli P A1 - Mathias CJ ED - PJ Vinken, GW Bruyn T2 - Handbook of Clinical Neurology Y1 - 2000/// M2 - Vol 75 PB - Elsevier NV CY - Amsterdam, The Netherlands SP - 713 EP - 729 N2 - - ER - TY - CHAP T1 - Interventionelle Sonographie: Diagnostische und therapeutische Anwendungen. In: (eds.): Moderne Sonographie. Georg Thieme Verlag Stuttgart New York 2000. A1 - Heckemann, R G A1 - Heckemann, R A ED - Günter Fürst Dietmar Koischwitz T2 - Moderne Sonographie Y1 - 2000/// PB - Georg Thieme Verlag CY - Stuttgart New York SN - 3-13-120961-5 SP - 235 EP - 259 N2 - - ER - TY - CHAP T1 - Children of mothers with eating disorders A1 - Reder P A1 - McClure M A1 - Jolley A T2 - Family Matters: Interfaces between Child and Adult Mental Health Y1 - 2000/// PB - Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group. CY - London & Philadelphia SN - 0-415-22218-4 SP - 107 EP - 121 N2 - - ER - TY - CHAP T1 - Disorders of the autonomic nervous system A1 - Mathias CJ ED - WG Bradley, RB Daroff, GM Fenichel, CD Marsden T2 - Neurology in Clinical Practice Y1 - 2000/// M2 - 3rd edition PB - Butterworth-Heinemann CY - Boston, USA SP - 2131 EP - 2165 N2 - - ER - TY - CHAP T1 - Autonomic dysfunction A1 - Mathias CJ ED - J Grimley-Evans T2 - Oxford Textbook of Geriatric Medicine Y1 - 2000/// M2 - 2nd Edition PB - Oxford University Press CY - Oxford SP - 883 EP - 852 N2 - - ER - TY - CHAP T1 - Sexuality and Dementia A1 - Warner JP ED - O'Brien, Ames and Burns T2 - Dementia Y1 - 2000/// PB - Chapman Hall CY - London SN - 0 340 75916 X N2 - - ER - TY - CHAP T1 - Utility of an ICD-10/DSMIV Based Multiaxial Classificatory System for People with Developmental Disabilities A1 - Cooray S A1 - Tyrer P ED - Alexander, R., Antony M., Attwood, M. Chang, Y., Cooray, M., Cowperthwaite, F., De Silva, S., Krafona, K., Markar, N., Mahadeshwar, S., Matthew, G., Oliver, P., Rasaratnam, R., Regan, A., Sabaratnam, M., Sebaratnam, P. and Thalayasingham, S. T2 - NADD (National Association for the Dually Diagnosed) International Conference IV Proceedings Y1 - 2000/// PB - Parkside Learning Disability Research Initiative (PLDRI) SP - 114 EP - 117 N2 - - ER - TY - CHAP T1 - Testing the visual system A1 - Pambakian A1 - Kennard, C ED - A Crockard, R Hayward, T Hoff T2 - Neurosurgery the Scientific Basis of Clinical Practice Y1 - 2000/// VL - 3rd PB - Blackwell Science SP - 975 EP - 998 N2 - - ER - TY - CHAP T1 - The autonomic nervous system and gastrointestinal disorders A1 - Albanese A A1 - Brisinda G A1 - Mathias CJ ED - PJ Vinken, GW Bruyn T2 - Handbook of Clinical Neurology Y1 - 2000/// M2 - Vol 75 PB - Elsevier NV CY - Amsterdam, The Netherlands SP - 613 EP - 663 N2 - - ER - TY - CHAP T1 - Glucocorticoids: Role in stress A1 - Buckingham JC ED - Fink G T2 - The Encyclopaedia of Stress Y1 - 2000/// PB - Academic Press CY - New York SP - 261 EP - 279 N2 - - ER - TY - CHAP T1 - Glucocorticoids: Effects of stress on A1 - Buckingham JC ED - Fink G T2 - The Encyclopaedia of Stress Y1 - 2000/// PB - Academic Press CY - New York SP - 229 EP - 243 N2 - - ER - TY - CHAP T1 - Autonomic dysfunction and hypotension A1 - Mathias CJ ED - JT Willerson, JN Cohn T2 - Cardiovascular Medicine Y1 - 2000/// M2 - 2nd edition PB - WB Saunders Company SP - 1537 EP - 1560 N2 - - ER - TY - CHAP T1 - Neuro-opthamological manifestations of neurodegenerative diseases A1 - Mort, D J A1 - Kennard , C T2 - Neurology of the eye Y1 - 2000/// PB - Optometry Today CY - London N2 - - ER - TY - CHAP T1 - Lipocortin 1 A1 - Mulla A A1 - Flower RJ A1 - Buckingham JC ED - Fink G T2 - The Encyclopaedia of Stress Y1 - 2000/// PB - Academic Press CY - New York SP - 623 EP - 628 N2 - - ER - TY - CHAP T1 - Non-microelectrode recording guided pallidotomy. Indications, technique and results. A1 - Bowen, J A1 - Munro-Davies, LE A1 - Silburn, P A1 - Gregoy, R A1 - Bain, PG A1 - Scott, R A1 - Joint, C A1 - Hall, B A1 - Stein, J ED - Lozano AM T2 - Movement Disorder Surgery Y1 - 1999/// PB - Karger CY - Basel N2 - - ER - TY - CHAP T1 - The naïve and memory MBP-reactive CD4+ T cell repertoire A1 - Muraro, P A A1 - Bielekova, B ED - Gambi D, Muraro PA, Lugaresi A T2 - Advances in the Immunopathogenesis of Multiple Sclerosis Y1 - 1999/// PB - Springer-Verlag CY - Milan SN - 88-470-0067-X SP - 11 EP - 19 N2 - - UR - http://www.springer.de ER - TY - CHAP T1 - Disorders of visual perception A1 - Kennard, C ED - D.L. Easty, J.M. Sparrow T2 - Oxford Textbook of Opthamology Y1 - 1999/// PB - Oxford Medical Publishing SP - 857 EP - 859 N2 - - ER - TY - CHAP T1 - Hereditary pigmentary retinal and macular dystrophies A1 - Gregory-Evans G A1 - Bird AC ED - Easty & J Sparrow T2 - Oxford textbook of Ophthalmology Y1 - 1999/// PB - Oxford University Press SP - 607 EP - 612 N2 - - ER - TY - CHAP T1 - X11 modulation of ²-amyloid precursor protein cellular stabilization and reduction of amyloid ²-protein secretion A1 - Levy, E. A1 - Sastre, M ED - John Wiley & Sons Ltd T2 - Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders Y1 - 1999/// SP - 397 EP - 404 N2 - - ER - TY - CHAP T1 - The neuro-opthamology of Movement Disorders A1 - O'Sullivan, E A1 - Kennard, C ED - J. Jankovic, E. Tolosa T2 - Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Y1 - 1998/// PB - Williams and Wilkins CY - Baltimore SP - 869 EP - 886 N2 - - ER - TY - CHAP T1 - Translating research and technological developments into clinical practice A1 - Blunt, S.B. A1 - Kennard, C ED - A Williams T2 - Care of the common neurological illnesses Y1 - 1998/// PB - OUP CY - Oxford SP - 417 EP - 424 N2 - - ER - TY - CHAP T1 - Influences of evening primrose oil on lipid metabolism and functions of sensory nerves in diabetic rats: Role of the metabolic pool of essential fatty acids A1 - Peter O.O. Julu ED - Rudolph A. Riemersma Roma Armstrong Rodney W. Kelly Robert Wilson T2 - Essential Fatty Acids and Eicosanoids: Invited Papers from the Fourth International Congress Y1 - 1998/// PB - AOCS Press CY - Champaign, Illinois SP - 168 EP - 175 N2 - - ER - TY - CHAP T1 - Degenerative and metabolic disorders in adults A1 - Kennard, C ED - N. R Miller, N. J Newman, Williams and Wilkins, T2 - Walsh and Hoyt's Clinical Neuro-opthalmology Y1 - 1998/// VL - 5th CY - Baltimore SP - 2747 EP - 2810 N2 - - ER - TY - CHAP T1 - Hypoglycaemia and the central nervous system A1 - Fuller, G A1 - Kennard , C ED - E Bryn T2 - Handbook of Clinical Neurology Y1 - 1998/// PB - North Holland Publishing SP - 171 EP - 192 N2 - - ER - TY - CHAP T1 - Eye Movements A1 - Shaunack, S A1 - O'Sullivan, E A1 - Kennard, C ED - RAC Hughes T2 - Neurological Investigations Y1 - 1997/// PB - BMJ Publishing CY - London SP - 253 EP - 282 N2 - - ER - TY - CONF T1 - Papillary tumor of the pineal region and spindle cell oncocytoma of the pituitary: New tumor entities in the 2007 WHO classification A1 - Roncaroli, F A1 - Scheithauer, BW U1 - Consensus Conference on Classification of Tumours of the Nervous System Y1 - 2007/07// Y2 - // VL - 17 SP - 314 EP - 318 N2 - - ER - TY - CONF T1 - The role of the pre-supplementary motor area in the control of action A1 - Nachev, P A1 - Wydell, H A1 - O'Neill, K A1 - Husain, M A1 - Kennard, C U1 - Symposium on Cortical Control of Higher Motor Cognition - From Basic Neuroscience to Apraxia Y1 - 2007/02// Y2 - // VL - 36 SP - T155 EP - T163 N2 - - ER - TY - CONF T1 - Review of physiological motor outcome measures in spinal cord injury using transcranial magnetic stimulation and spinal reflexes A1 - Ellaway, PH A1 - Catley, M A1 - Davey, NJ A1 - Kuppuswamy, A A1 - Strutton, P A1 - Frankel, HL A1 - Jamous, A A1 - Savic, G U1 - 57th Annual Meeting of the American-Academy-of-Neurology Y1 - 2007/// Y2 - // VL - 44 SP - 69 EP - 75 N2 - - ER - TY - CONF T1 - Quantitative sensory tests (perceptual thresholds) in patients with spinal cord injury A1 - Savic, G A1 - Bergstrom, EMK A1 - Davey, NJ A1 - Ellaway, PH A1 - Frankel, HL A1 - Jamous, A A1 - Nicotra, A U1 - 57th Annual Meeting of the American-Academy-of-Neurology Y1 - 2007/// Y2 - // VL - 44 SP - 77 EP - 82 N2 - - ER - TY - CONF T1 - Development of a hyperspectral fluorescence lifetime imaging microscope and its application to tissue imaging - art. no. 64411K A1 - Owen, DM A1 - Manning, HB A1 - de Beule, P A1 - Talbot, C A1 - Requejo-Isidro, J A1 - Dunsby, C A1 - McGinty, J A1 - Benninger, RKP A1 - Elson, DS A1 - Munro, I A1 - Galletly, NP A1 - Lever, MJ A1 - Stamp, GW A1 - Anand, P A1 - Neil, MAA A1 - French, PMW U1 - Conference on Imaging, Manipulation, and Analysis of Biomolecules, Cells, and Tissues V Y1 - 2007/// Y2 - // VL - 6441 SP - K4411 EP - K4411 N2 - - ER - TY - CONF T1 - A novel hyperspectral lifetime probe for autofluorescence - art. no. 643303 A1 - De Beule, PAA A1 - Dunsby, C A1 - Owen, DM A1 - Galletly, NP A1 - Anand, U A1 - Benham, CD A1 - Naylor, A A1 - Stamp, GW A1 - Anand, P A1 - French, PMW U1 - Conference on Optical Fibers and Sensors for Medical Diagnostics and Treatment Applications VII Y1 - 2007/// Y2 - // VL - 6433 SP - 43303 EP - 43303 N2 - - ER - TY - CONF T1 - Assessment of autonomic dysfunction following spinal cord injury: Rationale for additions to International Standards for Neurological Assessment A1 - Krassioukov, AV A1 - Karlsson, AK A1 - Wecht, JM A1 - Wuermser, LA A1 - Mathias, CJ A1 - Marino, RJ U1 - 57th Annual Meeting of the American-Academy-of-Neurology Y1 - 2007/// Y2 - // VL - 44 SP - 103 EP - 112 N2 - - ER - TY - CONF T1 - Applying FSL to the FIAC data: Model-based and model-free analysis of voice and sentence repetition priming A1 - Beckmann, CF A1 - Jenkinson, M A1 - Woolrich, MW A1 - Behrens, TEJ A1 - Flitney, DE A1 - Devlin, JT A1 - Smith, SM U1 - Joint Statistical Meeting of the American-Statistical-Association Y1 - 2006/05// Y2 - // VL - 27 SP - 380 EP - 391 N2 - - ER - TY - CONF T1 - Brain imaging in the Renaissance A1 - Paluzzi A A1 - Belli A A1 - Bain P A1 - Viva L U1 - Clinical Neurosciences 2005 AD - Torquay, UK J1 - J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2006; 77(1): 127 Y1 - 2006/// Y2 - 2005/09/07/ SP - 127 N2 - - ER - TY - CONF T1 - DAT imaging and MR evolution in fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome associated with 53 CGG repeat expansion A1 - Hensman DJ A1 - Nicholas R A1 - Khawaja F A1 - Deeb J A1 - Towey DJ A1 - Frank JW A1 - Colquhoun IR A1 - Bain PG A2 - Deuschl G & Goetz CG U1 - Xth International Congress of Parkinson's Disease and Movement disorders AD - Kyoto, Japan J1 - Movement Disorders 2006; 21 (suppl 15): P1370. Y1 - 2006/// Y2 - 2006/10/30/ N2 - - ER - TY - CONF T1 - Assessing dysmetric arm movements in 2D: Task design and result visualisation. A1 - Mueller, A A1 - Bain, PG A1 - Liu, X U1 - 5th Forum of European Neuroscience Societies. AD - Vienna J1 - [FENS Abstr. 2006; Vol 3: A112.13] Y1 - 2006/// Y2 - 2006/// N2 - - ER - TY - CONF T1 - Effectiveness of a vibro-tactile feedback to cue a stepping response to a balance challenge. A1 - Asseman, F A1 - Bronstein, AM A1 - Gresty, MA U1 - 5th IEEE International Workshop on Haptic Audio Visual Environments and Their Applications Y1 - 2006/// Y2 - // SP - 90 EP - 92 N2 - - ER - TY - CONF T1 - Dopamine transporter imaging of tremulous disorders A1 - Hensman DJ A1 - Frank JW A1 - Bain PG A2 - Deuschl G, Goetz CG. U1 - Xth International Congress of Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders AD - Kyoto, Japan J1 - Movement Disorders 2006; 21: Suppl 15: P1367. Y1 - 2006/// Y2 - 2006/10/30/ N2 - - ER - TY - CONF T1 - Differential regulation of microglial cytokine production, phagocytosis and migration by norepinephrine: how Locus ceruleus degeneration affects Alzheimer s disease. A1 - Heneka, M.T. A1 - Leimer, U. A1 - Van Leuven, F. A1 - Sastre, M. A1 - Dumitrescu-Ozimek, L. A1 - Feinstein, D.L. U1 - Alzheimer s disease and related disorders AD - Madrid J1 - Alzheimer s & Dementia Y1 - 2006/// Y2 - 2006/07// VL - 11 N2 - - ER - TY - CONF T1 - Processing abnormalities revealed using model-free analysis in patients with schizophrenia A1 - Mackay, CE A1 - Connell, J A1 - Cugno, S A1 - Knightsmith, J A1 - Quested, D A1 - Crow, TJ A1 - Beckmann, CF U1 - 13th Biennial Winter Workshop on Schizophrenia Research Y1 - 2006/01// Y2 - // VL - 81 SP - 148 EP - 149 N2 - - ER - TY - CONF T1 - Expression of GGA1 is altered in Alzheimer s disease and regulates the generation of amyloid-b peptide. A1 - Wahle, T. A1 - Sastre, M. A1 - Thal, D. A1 - Rentmeister, R. A1 - Bogdanovic, N. A1 - Famulok, M. A1 - Heneka, M.T. A1 - Walter, J. U1 - Alzheimer s disease and related disorders AD - Madrid J1 - Alzheimer s & Dementia Y1 - 2006/// Y2 - 2006/07// VL - Suppl. 11 N2 - - ER - TY - CONF T1 - Is abnormal copper metabolism a significant factor in Parkinson s disease? A1 - Sampson B A1 - Saifee T A1 - Hensman DJ A1 - Frank JW A1 - Bain PG U1 - 5th International Copper Meeting: Copper and Related Metals in Biology. AD - Alghero, Italy. Y1 - 2006/// N2 - - ER - TY - CONF T1 - The clinical value of dopamine transporter imaging to the movement disorder specialist in managing tremors. A1 - Hensman, DJ A1 - Bain, PG A1 - Frank, JW U1 - British Nuclear Medicine Society AD - Manchester J1 - Nuclear Medicine Communications 2006; 27 (3): 296 Y1 - 2006/// Y2 - 2006/03/27/ N2 - - ER - TY - CONF T1 - Dopamine transporter imaging of patients with essential tremor and features of parkinsonism A1 - Hensman DJ A1 - Frank JW A1 - Towey DJ A1 - Deeb J A1 - Bain PG A2 - Deuschl G & Goetz CG U1 - Xth International Congress of Parkinson's disease and Movement Disorders AD - Kyoto, Japan J1 - Movement Disorders 2006; 21 (suppl 15): P1369. Y1 - 2006/// Y2 - 2006/10/30/ N2 - - ER - TY - CONF T1 - The onset of voluntary reactive movement is temporally influenced by tremor in patients with multiple sclerosis. A1 - Wong MF A1 - Bain PG A1 - Liu X A2 - Deuschl G and Goetz CG U1 - Xth International Congress of Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders AD - Kyoto, Japan J1 - Movement Disorders 2006; 21 (suppl 15): P1353. Y1 - 2006/// Y2 - 2006/10/30/ N2 - - ER - TY - CONF T1 - Systematic assessment of incongruities in the correlation between the clinical signs and DAT imaging in parkinsonism A1 - Hensman DJ A1 - Frank JW A1 - Bain PG A2 - Deuschl G & Goetz CG U1 - Xth International Congress of Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders AD - Kyoto, Japan J1 - Movement Disorders 2006; 21 (suppl 15): P1083 Y1 - 2006/// Y2 - 2006/10/30/ N2 - - ER - TY - CONF T1 - Stimulation with norepinephrine induces a reduction of amyloid-beta levels in neuronal cells under inflammatory conditions A1 - Sastre, M. A1 - Walter, J. A1 - Klockgether, T. A1 - Heneka, M.T. U1 - 10th International Conference on Alzheimer s disease and related disorders AD - Madrid J1 - Alzheimer s & Dementia 2 Y1 - 2006/// Y2 - 2007/// VL - Suppl. 11 N2 - - ER - TY - CONF T1 - Parkinson's disease and caeruloplasmin deficiency - is there any connection? A1 - Saifee T A1 - Hensman DJ A1 - Frank W A1 - Barry S A1 - Bain PG A2 - Deuschl G and Goetz CG U1 - Xth International Congress of Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders AD - Kyoto, Japan J1 - Movement Disorders 2006; 21 (suppl 15): P439 Y1 - 2006/// Y2 - 2006/10/30/ N2 - - ER - TY - CONF T1 - Complications of deep brain stimulation A1 - Paluzzi A A1 - Belli A A1 - Bain P A1 - Liu X A1 - Aziz TZ U1 - Clinical Neurosciences 2005 AD - Torquay, UK Y1 - 2005/09// Y2 - 2005/09/07/ SP - 154 N2 - - ER - TY - CONF T1 - Pregnancy in dystonic women with in situ deep brain stimulators A1 - Paluzzi A A1 - Bain PG A1 - Liu X A1 - Yianni J A1 - Kumarendran K A1 - Aziz TZ U1 - Clinical Neurosciences 2005 AD - Torquay, Uk Y1 - 2005/09// Y2 - 2005/09/07/ SP - 174 N2 - - ER - TY - CONF T1 - Thalamic deep brain stimulation versus thalamotomy for tremor A1 - Hyam JA A1 - Liu X A1 - Bain PG A1 - Aziz TZ U1 - Clinical Neurosciences 2005 AD - Torquay, UK Y1 - 2005/09// SP - 152 N2 - - ER - TY - CONF T1 - Propagating labels of the human brain based on non-rigid MR image registration: an evaluation A1 - Heckemann, RA A1 - Hajnal, JV A1 - Rueckert, D A1 - Hill, DLG A1 - Hammers, A U1 - Medical Imaging 2005 Conference Y1 - 2005/// Y2 - // VL - 5747 SP - 1864 EP - 1871 N2 - - ER - TY - CONF T1 - Dynamic changes in activity of the subthalamic nucleus and forearm muscles related to interemittent rest tremor. A1 - Liu, X A1 - Wang, S-Y A1 - Stein, J A1 - Bain, PG A1 - Aziz, TZ U1 - XIIth European Congress of Clinical Neurophysiology AD - Stockholm Y1 - 2005/// Y2 - 2005/// N2 - - ER - TY - CONF T1 - Syncope in patients with autonomic nervous system disturbances: Which diagnosis and treatment? A1 - Mathias, CJ U1 - 9th International Workshop on Cardiac Arrhythmias Y1 - 2005/// Y2 - // SP - 643 EP - 653 N2 - - ER - TY - CONF T1 - Lead migration of deep brain stimulation electrodes-role of the plain skull x-ray. A1 - Samuel M A1 - Bain PG A1 - Jarosz J A1 - Aziz TZ A1 - Brand G A1 - Selway R U1 - Ninth International Congress of Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders. AD - New Orleans, Louisiana, USA. J1 - Movement Disorders 2005; 20 (suppl 10): S159 Y1 - 2005/// Y2 - 2005/03/05/ PB - Wiley-Liss SN - 0885-3185 N2 - - ER - TY - CONF T1 - Globus pallidus field potentials in patients with primary dystonia. A1 - Wang, S A1 - Yianni, J A1 - Peden, R A1 - Van Bergen, O A1 - Heinzen, J A1 - Bain, P A1 - Aziz, T A1 - Liu, X A1 - Stein, J U1 - Focussed meeting on Neuroscience of Human Movement in Health and Disease, Physiological Society. AD - London J1 - Proc Physiol Soc 2006; 1: PC6 Y1 - 2005/// Y2 - 2005/// N2 - - ER - TY - CONF T1 - Analysis of serial MR images of joints A1 - Leung, KK A1 - Heckemann, RA A1 - Saeed, N A1 - Brooks, KJ A1 - Buckton, JB A1 - Changani, K A1 - Reid, DG A1 - Rueckert, D A1 - Hajnal, JV A1 - Holden, M A1 - Hill, DLG U1 - 2nd IEEE International Symposium on Biomedical Imaging Y1 - 2004/// Y2 - // SP - 221 EP - 224 N2 - - ER - TY - CONF T1 - Wavelet Analysis of Gene Expression (WAGE) A1 - Turkheimer, FE A1 - Duke, DC A1 - Moran, LB A1 - Graeber, MB U1 - 2nd IEEE International Symposium on Biomedical Imaging Y1 - 2004/// Y2 - // SP - 1183 EP - 1186 N2 - - ER - TY - CONF T1 - An audit of the incidence and types of epilepsy occuring after deep brain stimulation for dystonia. A1 - Saifee T A1 - Johnson M A1 - Yanni J A1 - Aziz TZ A1 - Pearce RKB A1 - Bain PG U1 - Eighth International Congress of Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders AD - Rome, Italy J1 - Movement Disorders 2004; 19 (suppl 9): S291 Y1 - 2004/// Y2 - 2004/06/14/ PB - Wiley-Liss SN - 0885-3185 N2 - - ER - TY - CONF T1 - Water drinking to prevent orthostatic hypotension and neurally mediated syncope: Mechanisms and benefits A1 - Mathias, CJ A1 - Young, TM U1 - 8th International Workshop on Cardiac Arhythmias Y1 - 2004/// Y2 - // SP - 625 EP - 631 N2 - - ER - TY - CONF T1 - Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-gamma (PPAR-gamma) agonists modulate immunostimulated processing of APP through regulation of beta-secretase (BACE). A1 - Sastre, M. A1 - Dewachter, I. A1 - Rosen, E. A1 - Klockgether, T. A1 - Van Leuven, F. A1 - Heneka, M.T. U1 - Alzheimer s disease and related disorders AD - Philadelphia J1 - Neurobiology of Aging Y1 - 2004/// Y2 - 2004/07// VL - 25 SP - 52 N2 - - ER - TY - CONF T1 - Probabilistic ICA for FMRI A1 - Beckmann, CF U1 - 2nd IEEE International Symposium on Biomedical Imaging Y1 - 2004/// Y2 - // SP - 1490 EP - 1493 N2 - - ER - TY - CONF T1 - Effect of GPi DBS on functional imaging of the brain in dystonia. A1 - Yianni J A1 - Bradley K A1 - Bain P A1 - Gregory R A1 - Stein J U1 - Eighth International Congress of Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders AD - Rome, Italy J1 - Mov Disord 2004; 19 (suppl 9): S94 Y1 - 2004/// Y2 - 2004/06/14/ PB - Wiley-Liss SN - 0885-3185 N2 - - ER - TY - CONF T1 - Ultrastructural analysis by scanning and transmission electron microscopy of brain tissue adherent to explanted electrodes from patients with dystonia and Parkinson's Disease. A1 - Moss J A1 - Ryder T A1 - Graeber MB A1 - Bain PG U1 - Eighth International Congress of Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders AD - Rome, Italy J1 - Movement Disorders 2004; 19 (suppl 9): S304-305 Y1 - 2004/// Y2 - 2004/06/14/ PB - Wiley-Liss SN - 0885-3185 N2 - - ER - TY - CONF T1 - Intra-operative monitoring of motor symptoms using surface EMG during electrode implantation for deep brain stimulation of movement disorders A1 - Liu X A1 - Bain PG A1 - Aziz TZ A1 - Stein JF U1 - Eighth International Congress of Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders AD - Rome, Italy J1 - Movement Disorders 2004: 19 (suppl 9): S58 Y1 - 2004/// Y2 - 2004/06/14/ PB - Wiley-Liss SN - 0885-3185 N2 - - ER - TY - CONF T1 - XIIth European Congress of Clinical Neurophysiology A1 - Liu, X A1 - Carroll, CB A1 - Wang, SY A1 - Zajicek, J A1 - Bain, PG U1 - Federation of European Neurological Societies AD - Lisbon J1 - FENS Abstr. 2004; vol 2: A131.3. Y1 - 2004/// Y2 - 2004/// N2 - - ER - TY - CONF T1 - Binding of Cystatin C to amyloid beta inhibits amyloid beta formation A1 - Pawlik, M. A1 - Sastre, M. A1 - Calero, M. A1 - Mathews, P. A1 - Kumar, A. A1 - Kumar, A. A1 - Schmidt, S.D. A1 - Nixon, R.A. A1 - Levy, E. U1 - Alzheimer s disease and related disorders AD - Philadelphia J1 - Neurobiology of Aging Y1 - 2004/// Y2 - 2004/07// VL - 25 SP - 52 N2 - - ER - TY - CONF T1 - Does cannabis have a role in the treatment of Parkinson's disease? A1 - Caroll C A1 - Bain PG A1 - Teare L A1 - Liu X A1 - Wroath C A1 - Parkin S A1 - Fox P A1 - Wright D A1 - Hobart J A1 - Zajicek J U1 - American Academy of Neurology AD - San Francisco, USA J1 - Neurology 2004: 62 (Suppl 5): A330 Y1 - 2004/// Y2 - 2004/04/24/ PB - Neurology N2 - - ER - TY - CONF T1 - Clinical relevance of quantifying drug induced dyskinesia in the arms using continuous and discrete drawing tasks. A1 - Liu X A1 - Carroll CB A1 - Wang SY A1 - Bain PG U1 - Eighth International Congress of Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders AD - Rome, Italy J1 - Movement Disorders 2004; 19 (suppl 9): S159 Y1 - 2004/// Y2 - 2004/06/14/ PB - Wiley-Liss SN - 0885-3185 N2 - - ER - TY - CONF T1 - Different mechanisms may generate sustained hypertonic and rhythmic bursting muscle activity in dystonia; comparison of pallidal field potentials with surface EMGs. A1 - Liu, X A1 - Wang, S A1 - Yianni, J A1 - Aziz, TZ A1 - Bain, PG A1 - Stein, J U1 - Society for Neurosciences AD - Washington DC J1 - Society for Neurosciences, Washington DC, 2003: Program No. 71.2 abstract viewer/itinery planner CD-ROM Y1 - 2003/// Y2 - 2003/// N2 - - ER - TY - CONF T1 - Wavelet variance components in image space for spatio-temporal neuroimaging data A1 - Aston, J A1 - Turkheimer, F A1 - Cunningham, V A1 - Gunn, R U1 - Wavelets - Applications in Signal and Image Processing X Conference Y1 - 2003/// Y2 - // VL - 5207 SP - 849 EP - 857 N2 - - ER - TY - CONF T1 - Surgical alleviation of complex action tremor: role of zona incerta and field potentials. A1 - Nandi D A1 - Bain PG A1 - Liu X A1 - Yianni J A1 - Stei JF A1 - Aziz TZ U1 - Seventh International Congress of Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders AD - Miami, Florida, USA J1 - Movement Disorders 2002; 17 (suppl 5): S352 Y1 - 2002/// Y2 - 2002/11/10/ PB - Wiley-Liss SN - 0885-3185 N2 - - ER - TY - CONF T1 - A double-blind 3-month parallel study of the effects of pramipexole, pergolide and placebo on tremor in Parkinson's disease. A1 - Navan P A1 - Findley LJ A1 - Pearce RKB A1 - Jeffs J A1 - Bain PG U1 - Seventh International Congress of Parkinson's disease and Movement Disorders AD - Miami, Florida, USA J1 - Movement Disorders 2002; 17 (suppl 5): S83 Y1 - 2002/// Y2 - 2002/11/10/ PB - Wiley-Liss SN - 0885-3185 N2 - - ER - TY - CONF T1 - Measuring what we do - HoNOSCA: a measure for clinicians to rate symptoms and functional impairments in child and adolescent psychiatry patients A1 - Garralda ME U1 - 4th Conference on psychiatric research in the North Y1 - 2002/// Y2 - 2002/// N2 - - ER - TY - CONF T1 - Movement disorders: An overview A1 - Brooks, DJ U1 - 1st Solvay Pharmaceuticals Conference Y1 - 2002/// Y2 - // VL - 1 SP - 5 EP - 13 N2 - - ER - TY - CONF T1 - A double-blind cross over study of the effects of pramipexole, pergolide and placebo on tremor and UPDRS (III) in Parkinson's disease. A1 - Navan P A1 - Findley LJ A1 - Pearce RKB A1 - Bain PG U1 - Association of British Neurologists AD - Durham, UK J1 - J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2002; 72 (1): 138 Y1 - 2002/// Y2 - 2001/// N2 - - ER - TY - CONF T1 - The effect of oral cannabis oil on tremor in patients with multiple sclerosis A1 - Fox PJ A1 - Bain PG A1 - Glickman S A1 - Zajicek J U1 - Sixth Congress of the European Federation of Neurological Societies AD - Vienna, Austria J1 - European J of Neurology 2002; 9 (Suppl 2): 224 Y1 - 2002/// Y2 - 2002/// PB - European J Neurology SP - 224 N2 - - ER - TY - CONF T1 - Globus pallidus deep brain stimulation in the treatment of dystonia A1 - Yianni J A1 - Gregory R A1 - Bain PG A1 - Joint C A1 - Parkin S A1 - Aziz T U1 - Association of British Neurologists AD - Oxford, UK J1 - J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2002; 72: 233 Y1 - 2002/// Y2 - 2002/// N2 - - ER - TY - CONF T1 - Is there a single best surgical procedure for the alleviation of Parkinson's disease? A1 - Aziz, T A1 - Parkin, S A1 - Joint, C A1 - Gregory, R A1 - Bain, P A1 - Stein, JF A1 - Scott, R U1 - International Workshop on Basal Ganglia and Thalamus in Health and Movement Disorders Y1 - 2001/// Y2 - // SP - 317 EP - 325 N2 - - ER - TY - CONF T1 - A study of the relative reliabilities of different ways of measuring the magnitudes of parkinsonisn tremors. A1 - Navan, P A1 - Findley, LJ A1 - Pearce, RKB A1 - Bain, PG U1 - XIV International Congress of Parkinson's disease AD - Helsinki J1 - Parkinsonism & Related Disorders 2001; 7 (suppl): S124 Y1 - 2001/// Y2 - 2001/07/27/ PB - Elsevier SN - 1353-8020 N2 - - ER - TY - CONF T1 - The management of non-parkinsonian tremors A1 - Bain, PG U1 - World Congress of Neurology AD - London Y1 - 2001/// Y2 - 2001/// N2 - - ER - TY - CONF T1 - A physiological probe into the mechanisms underlying tremor in multiple sclerosis. A1 - Alusi,SH A1 - McKinnon, C A1 - Glickman, S A1 - Rothwell, J A1 - Bain, PG U1 - World Congress of Neurology AD - London Y1 - 2001/// Y2 - 2001/// N2 - - ER - TY - CONF T1 - Cross correlation techniques used to identify activation of intrafusal fibres by fusimotor axons A1 - Ellaway, PH A1 - Taylor, A A1 - Durbaba, R A1 - Rawlinson, S U1 - NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Sensorimotor Control Y1 - 2001/// Y2 - // VL - 326 SP - 124 EP - 130 N2 - - ER - TY - CONF T1 - Stereotaxic thalamotomy for the treatment of tremor in multiple sclerosis.: a prospective case-controlled trial. A1 - Alusi, SH A1 - Worthington, J A1 - Glickman, S A1 - Bain, PG U1 - 6th International Congress of Parkinson s Disease and Movement Disorders AD - Barcelona J1 - Movement Disorders 2000; 15 (suppl 3): 60 (P394) Y1 - 2000/// Y2 - 2000/06/11/ PB - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins N2 - - ER - TY - CONF T1 - Bilateral globus pallidus internus stimulation for the treatment of spasmodic torticollis. A1 - Parkin, SJ A1 - Aziz, TZ A1 - Gregory, R A1 - Bain, PG U1 - Association of British Neurologists AD - Exeter Y1 - 2000/// Y2 - 2000/04/05/ N2 - - ER - TY - CONF T1 - Tremor A1 - Bain, PG A1 - Merello, M U1 - 6th International Congress of Parkinson s Disease and Movement Disorders AD - Barcelona Y1 - 2000/// Y2 - 2000/06/11/ N2 - - ER - TY - CONF T1 - Clinical aspects of tremor A1 - Bain, PG U1 - European Federation of Neurological Societies AD - Copenhagen Y1 - 2000/// Y2 - 2000/// N2 - - ER - TY - CONF T1 - SNS/PN3 and NaN/SNS2 sodium channel immunoreactivity in human pain states A1 - Coward, K A1 - Saldanha, G A1 - Birch, R A1 - Carlstedt, T A1 - Anand, P U1 - 9th World Congress on Pain Y1 - 2000/// Y2 - // VL - 16 SP - 711 EP - 716 N2 - - ER - TY - CONF T1 - Writing speed - a useful quantitative assessment of fine upper limb function. A1 - Findley, M A1 - Reid, H A1 - Findley, LJ A1 - Bain, PG U1 - XIII International Congress on Parkinson's disease AD - Vancouver Y1 - 1999/// Y2 - 1999/// N2 - - ER - TY - CONF T1 - The comparative reliability of rating multiple sclerosis upper limb tremor from videotapes, spirals and handwriting. A1 - Alusi, SH A1 - Worthington, J A1 - Glickman, S A1 - Findley, LJ U1 - Joint Meeting of the Association of Bristish Neurologists & Dutch Neurology Society AD - Rotterdam Y1 - 1999/// Y2 - 1999/// N2 - - ER - TY - CONF T1 - Target board test for quantification of ataxia in tremulous patients. A1 - Alusi, SH A1 - Patel, N A1 - Worthington, J A1 - Glickman, S A1 - Bain, PG U1 - 2nd World Congess in Neurological Rehabilitation AD - Toronto Y1 - 1999/// Y2 - 1999/// N2 - - ER - TY - CONF T1 - Multidimensional measures of outcome following unilateral and bilateral pallidotomy. A1 - Scott, R A1 - Silburn, R A1 - Bowen, J A1 - Gregory, R A1 - Bain, PG A1 - Hall, B A1 - Hines, N A1 - Harding-Clark, J A1 - Troy, L A1 - Joint, C A1 - Aziz, TZ U1 - 5th International Congress of Parkinson s Disease and Movement AD - New York J1 - Movement Disorders 1998; 13 (suppl 2: 304 (P5.100) Y1 - 1998/// Y2 - 1998/10/10/ N2 - - ER - TY - CONF T1 - Dyskinesia & L-dopa responsive Holmes tremor A1 - Alusi, SH A1 - Stern, J A1 - Rakshi, J A1 - Colquhoun, I A1 - Findley, LJ A1 - Brooks, DJ U1 - 5th International Congress of Parkinson s Disease and Movement AD - New York J1 - Movement Disorders 1998; 13 (suppl 2: 139 (P2.215) Y1 - 1998/// Y2 - 1998/10/10/ PB - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins N2 - - ER - TY - CONF T1 - A study of tremor in multiple sclerosis. A1 - Alusi, SH A1 - Glickman, S A1 - Worthington, J A1 - Bain, PG U1 - Association of British Neurologists AD - London J1 - J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1998 Y1 - 1998/// Y2 - 1998/// N2 - - ER - TY - CONF T1 - L-dopa responsive Holmes's tremor and wearing off dyskinesia secondary to a brainstem angioma - a model for parkinsonism. A1 - Alusi, SH A1 - Stern, J A1 - Rakshi, J A1 - Colquhoun, I A1 - Findley, LJ A1 - Brooks, DK A1 - Bain, PG U1 - Association of British Neurologists AD - Leeds J1 - J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry Y1 - 1998/// Y2 - 1998/04/16/ N2 - - ER - TY - CONF T1 - PET studies in neuropharmacology. Novel approaches. A1 - Brooks, DJ U1 - NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Positron Emission Tomography - A Critical Assessment of Recent Trends Y1 - 1998/// Y2 - // VL - 51 SP - 239 EP - 248 N2 - - ER - TY - CONF T1 - Nigrostriatal dysfunction in Holmes's tremor. A1 - Stern, JS A1 - Rakshi, J A1 - Alusi, SH A1 - Findley, LJ A1 - Bain, PG A1 - Brooks, DJ U1 - Association of British Neurologists AD - London J1 - J Neurol Neurosurg 1998 Y1 - 1998/// Y2 - 1998/// N2 - - ER - TY - CONF T1 - Clinical measurement of tremor A1 - Bain, PG U1 - International Congress: Tremor: Basic Mechanisms and Clinical Aspects AD - Kiel, Germany J1 - Movement Disorders 1998; 13 (suppl 3): 77-81. Y1 - 1998/// Y2 - 1997/06/11/ N2 - - ER - TY - CONF T1 - Treatment of hereditary essential tremor by combined VIM/VOP thalamotomies - a case report. A1 - McEvoy, AW A1 - Aziz, TZ A1 - Bain, PG U1 - 5th International Congress of Parkinson s Disease and Movement Disorders AD - New York J1 - Movement Disorders 1998; 13 (suppl 2: 139 (P2.216) Y1 - 1998/// Y2 - 1998/10/10/ PB - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins N2 - - ER - TY - CONF T1 - Methodology for statistical parametric mapping of [F-18]fluorodopa uptake rate using three-dimensional PET A1 - Rakshi, JS A1 - Bailey, DL A1 - Ito, K A1 - Uema, T A1 - Morrish, PK A1 - Ashburner, J A1 - Friston, KJ A1 - Brooks, DJ U1 - 3rd International Conference on Quantification of Brain Function with PET (BRAINPET 97) Y1 - 1998/// Y2 - // SP - 117 EP - 123 N2 - - ER - TY - CONF T1 - Ventralis oralis posterior thalamotomy for multiple sclerosis associated tremor - a case report A1 - Alusi, SH A1 - Bain, PG A1 - Aziz, TZ U1 - 5th International Congress of Parkinson s Disease and Movement Disorders AD - New York J1 - Movement Disorders 1998; 13 (suppl 2: 138 (P2.214) Y1 - 1998/// Y2 - 1998/10/10/ PB - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins N2 - - ER - TY - CONF T1 - Reciprocal inhibition of the H-reflex in musician's painless incoordination syndrome. Evidence for an occupational dystonia. A1 - Bain, PG U1 - Health and Musicians conference AD - York Y1 - 1997/// Y2 - 1997/// N2 - - ER - TY - CONF T1 - Botulinum toxin (Dysport) treatment of upper leg adductor spasticity in multiple sclerosis; prospective, randomised, double blind, placebo controlled, dose ranging study. A1 - Hyman, N A1 - Barnes, M A1 - Bhakta, B A1 - Cozens, A A1 - Bakheit, M A1 - Krecy-Kleedorfer, B A1 - Poewe, W A1 - Wissel, J A1 - Bain, PG A1 - Glickman, S A1 - Sayer, a A1 - Richardson, A A1 - Dott, C A1 - Cohen, H U1 - European Federation of Neurological Societies AD - Prague Y1 - 1997/// Y2 - 1997/// N2 - - ER - TY - CONF T1 - Pathological laughter in midbrain arterio-venous malformation. A1 - Alusi, SH A1 - Colquhoun, IR A1 - Bain, PG U1 - Association of British Neurologists AD - London J1 - J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1997 Y1 - 1997/// Y2 - 1997/// N2 - - ER - TY - JFULL T1 - Neurabin-I Is Phosphorylated by Cdk5: Implications for Neuronal Morphogenesis and Cortical Migration. A1 - Causeret, F A1 - Jacobs, T A1 - Terao, M A1 - Heath, O A1 - Hoshino, M A1 - Nikolic, M J1 - Mol Biol Cell Y1 - 2007/08/15/ SN - 1059-1524 N2 - Monitoring Editor: Paul Forscher The correct morphology and migration of neurones, which is essential for the normal development of the nervous system, is enabled by the regulation of their cytoskeletal elements. We reveal that Neurabin-I, a neuronal specific F-actin binding protein, has an essential function in the developing forebrain. We show that gain and loss of Neurabin-I expression affect neuronal morphology, neurite outgrowth and radial migration of differentiating cortical and hippocampal neurones, suggesting that tight regulation of Neurabin-I function is required for normal forebrain development. Importantly, loss of Neurabin-I prevents pyramidal neurones from migrating into the cerebral cortex, indicating its essential role during early stages of corticogenesis. We demonstrate that in neurones Rac1 activation is affected by the expression levels of Nb1. Furthermore, the Cdk5 kinase, a key regulator of neuronal migration and morphology, directly phosphorylates Neurabin-I and controls its association with F-actin. Mutation of the Cdk5 phosphorylation site reduces the phenotypic consequences of Neurabin-I overexpression both in vitro and in vivo, suggesting that Neurabin-I function depends, at least in part on its phosphorylation status. Together our findings provide new insight into the signaling pathways responsible for controlled changes of the F-actin cytoskeleton that are required for normal development of the forebrain. L1 - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17699587&query_hl=1 ER - TY - JFULL T1 - Localized activation of p21-activated kinase controls neuronal polarity and morphology. A1 - Jacobs, T A1 - Causeret, F A1 - Nishimura, YV A1 - Terao, M A1 - Norman, A A1 - Hoshino, M A1 - Nikoli, M J1 - J Neurosci Y1 - 2007/08/08/ VL - 27 SN - 1529-2401 SP - 8604 EP - 8615 N2 - In the developing forebrain, neuronal polarization is a stepwise and initially reversible process that underlies correct migration and axon specification. Many aspects of cytoskeletal changes that accompany polarization are currently molecularly undefined and thus poorly understood. Here we reveal that the p21-activated kinase (Pak1) is essential for the specification of an axon and dendrites. In hippocampal neurons, activation of Pak1 is spatially restricted to the immature axon despite its uniform presence in all neurites. Hyperactivation of Pak1 at the membrane of all neurites or loss of Pak1 expression disrupts both neuronal morphology and the distinction between an axon and dendrites. We reveal that Pak1 acts on polarity in a kinase-dependent manner, by affecting the F-actin and microtubule cytoskeleton at least in part through Rac1 and cofilin. Our data are the first to demonstrate the importance of localized Pak1 kinase activation for neuronal polarization and differentiation. L1 - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17687038&query_hl=1 ER - TY - JFULL T1 - The effect of nicotine on striatal dopamine release in man: A [11C]raclopride PET study. A1 - Montgomery, AJ A1 - Lingford-Hughes, AR A1 - Egerton, A A1 - Nutt, DJ A1 - Grasby, PM J1 - Synapse Y1 - 2007/08// VL - 61 SN - 0887-4476 SP - 637 EP - 645 N2 - In common with many addictive substances and behaviors nicotine activates the mesolimbic dopaminergic system. Brain microdialysis studies in rodents have consistently shown increases in extrasynaptic DA levels in the striatum after administration of nicotine but PET experiments in primates have given contradicting results. A recent PET study assessing the effect of smoking in humans showed no change in [(11)C]raclopride binding in the brain, but did find that "hedonia" correlated with a reduction in [(11)C]raclopride binding suggesting that DA may mediate the positive reinforcing effects of nicotine. In this experiment we measured the effect of nicotine, administered via a nasal spray, on DA release using [(11)C]raclopride PET, in 10 regular smokers. There was no overall change in [(11)C]raclopride binding after nicotine administration in any of the striatal regions examined. However, the individual change in [(11)C]raclopride binding correlated with change in subjective measures of "amused" and "happiness" in the associative striatum (AST) and sensorimotor striatum (SMST). Nicotine concentration correlated negatively with change in BP in the limbic striatum. Nicotine had significant effects on cardiovascular measures including pulse rate, systolic blood pressure (BPr), and diastolic BPr. Baseline [(11)C]raclopride binding potential (BP) in the AST correlated negatively with the Fagerström score, an index of nicotine dependence. These results support a role for the DA system in nicotine addiction, but reveal a more complex relationship than suggested by studies in animals. L1 - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17492764&query_hl=1 ER - TY - JFULL T1 - Gaze strategies during planning in first-episode psychosis. A1 - Huddy, VC A1 - Hodgson, TL A1 - Kapasi, M A1 - Mutsatsa, SH A1 - Harrison, I A1 - Barnes, TR A1 - Joyce, EM J1 - J Abnorm Psychol Y1 - 2007/08// VL - 116 SN - 0021-843X SP - 589 EP - 598 N2 - Eye movements were measured during the performance of a computerized Tower of London task to specify the source of planning abnormalities in patients with 1st-episode schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. Subjects viewed 2 arrays of colored balls in the upper and lower parts of the screen. They were asked to plan the shortest sequence of moves required to rearrange the balls in the lower screen to match the upper arrangement. Compared with healthy controls, patients made more planning errors, and decision times were longer. However, the patients showed the same gaze biases as controls prior to making a response, indicating that they understood the requirements of the task, approached the task in a strategic manner by identifying the nature of the problem, and used appropriate fixation strategies to plan and elaborate solutions. The patients showed increased duration of long-gaze periods toward both parts of the screen. This suggests that the patients had difficulty in encoding the essential features of the stimulus array. This finding is compatible with slowing of working memory consolidation. L1 - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17696714&query_hl=1 ER - TY - JFULL T1 - Arts therapies for people with schizophrenia: an emerging evidence base. A1 - Crawford, MJ A1 - Patterson, S J1 - Evid Based Ment Health Y1 - 2007/08// VL - 10 SN - 1362-0347 SP - 69 EP - 70 L1 - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17652554&query_hl=1 ER - TY - JFULL T1 - Extrastriatal D2 and striatal D2 receptors in depressive illness: pilot PET studies using [11C]FLB 457 and [11C]raclopride. A1 - Montgomery, AJ A1 - Stokes, P A1 - Kitamura, Y A1 - Grasby, PM J1 - J Affect Disord Y1 - 2007/08// VL - 101 SN - 0165-0327 SP - 113 EP - 122 N2 - BACKGROUND: Reduced dopaminergic function may occur in depressive disorders. In this paper the results of two pilot studies examining different aspects of the dopamine system in depression are presented. First, the binding of [(11)C]FLB 457 to extrastriatal D(2) receptors was measured in a group of depressed patients. Second, the hypothesis that selective serotonin reuptake inhibiting (SSRI) antidepressants affect the striatal binding of [(11)C]raclopride was tested. METHODS: In the first study the binding of [(11)C]FLB 457 was compared between 7 people with depression and 7 healthy controls. In the second study the binding of [(11)C]raclopride to striatal D(2/3) receptors was compared between 8 people taking SSRI antidepressant medication and 8 healthy controls. RESULTS: There was no difference in the binding of [(11)C]FLB 457 between the two groups. [(11)C]raclopride binding was reduced in the dorsal striatum of people taking antidepressants suggesting either that D(2/3) expression was reduced, or that dopamine release was increased, compared to untreated controls. LIMITATIONS: The depressed patients were not severely depressed and were not matched for gender with controls. In the raclopride group the patients and controls were not matched by gender and were taking different SSRI antidepressants. CONCLUSION: We found no support for the hypothesis that dopamine D(2) receptor expression is altered in extrastriatal brain regions in depression. SSRI antidepressants were associated with reduced [(11)C]raclopride binding in the dorsal striatum supporting the hypothesis that therapeutic effects of such drugs may, in part, be due to changes in the dopamine system. L1 - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17197036&query_hl=1 ER - TY - JFULL T1 - Use of blood alcohol concentration in resuscitation room patients. A1 - Csipke, E A1 - Touquet, R A1 - Patel, T A1 - Franklin, J A1 - Brown, A A1 - Holloway, P A1 - Batrick, N A1 - Crawford, MJ J1 - Emerg Med J Y1 - 2007/08// VL - 24 SN - 1472-0213 SP - 535 EP - 538 N2 - OBJECTIVE: To clarify the use of blood alcohol concentration (BAC) in the emergency department resuscitation room, by comparing it with a subsequent alcohol questionnaire and by surveying patients' attitudes to BAC testing. DESIGN: Observational study. PARTICIPANTS: 273 resuscitation room patients at St Mary's Hospital, Paddington between August 2005 and February 2006. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: BAC comparison to questionnaire results, and attitudes to BAC testing. RESULTS: The level of agreement between positive screening by questionnaire and a BAC of >80 mg/100 ml was low (kappa = 0.29, 95% confidence interval 0.12 to 0.46) because each test measures different aspects of drinking. Patients accepted the use of BAC tests in detecting alcohol use, though a small minority reported concerns over confidentiality. CONCLUSION: Use of BAC testing complements later questionnaire screening to identify alcohol misuse in patients initially brought to the emergency department resuscitation room, providing results are fed back to the patient. Potential ethical, judicial and insurance concerns should not prevent the use of BAC when judged to be in the patient's best interest. L1 - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17652671&query_hl=1 ER - TY - JFULL T1 - Using vibrotactile feedback of instability to trigger a forward compensatory stepping response. A1 - Asseman, F A1 - Bronstein, AM A1 - Gresty, MA J1 - J Neurol Y1 - 2007/07/25/ SN - 0340-5354 N2 - We evaluated the effectiveness of vibrotactile feedback to enhance protective stepping with a view to developing a prosthesis for patients with balance disorders. Subjects standing on a moving walkway were exposed to an unpredictable, abrupt backwards translation of the support surface that required a step response to remain standing. The subjects were 15 normal young, 15 normal elderly and 9 patients with either bilateral vestibular loss or peripheral neuropathy. The initial passive displacement of the body was recorded by a gyroscope placed on the leg which triggered a vibration pulse to the trigeminal distribution on the forehead to cue a forwards step. Stepping responses and postural sway, with and without vibration feedback, were compared. Vibration produced significantly shorter stepping reaction times only in the elderly normals with naturally slower stepping. Patients did not benefit in any way. We conclude that the effectiveness of vibration biofeedback appears limited. Any enhancement of compensatory stepping might be triggered by speeding the decision to step rather than by creating a specific stimulus-response loop. L1 - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17641814&query_hl=1 ER - TY - JFULL T1 - SNP genome scanning localises oto-dental syndrome to chromosome 11q13 and microdeletions at this locus implicate FGF3 in dental and inner ear disease and FADD in ocular coloboma. A1 - Gregory-Evans, CY A1 - Moosajee, M A1 - Hodges, MD A1 - Mackay, DS A1 - Game, L A1 - Vargesson, N A1 - Bloch-Zupan, A A1 - Rüschendorf, F A1 - Santos-Pinto, L A1 - Wackens, G A1 - Gregory-Evans, K J1 - Hum Mol Genet Y1 - 2007/07/25/ SN - 0964-6906 N2 - We ascertained three different families affected with oto-dental syndrome, a rare but severe autosomal dominant craniofacial anomaly. All affected patients had the unique phenotype of grossly enlarged molar teeth (globodontia) segregating with a high frequency sensorineural hearing loss. In addition, ocular coloboma segregated with disease in one family (oculo-oto-dental syndrome). A genome-wide scan was performed using the Affymetrix GeneChip10K 2.0 Array. Parametric linkage analysis gave a single LOD score peak of 3.9 identifying linkage to chromosome 11q13. Haplotype analysis revealed three obligatory recombination events defining a 4.8 Mb linked interval between D11S1889 and SNP rs2077955. Higher resolution mapping and Southern blot analysis in each family identified overlapping hemizygous microdeletions. SNP expression analysis and real-time qRT-PCR in patient lymphoblast cell lines excluded a position effect on the flanking genes ORAOV1, PPFIA1 and CTTN. The smallest 43 kb deletion resulted in the loss of only one gene, FGF3, which was also deleted in all other otodental families. These data suggest that FGF3 haploinsufficiency is likely to be the cause of otodental syndrome. In addition, the Fas-associated death domain gene (FADD) was also deleted in the one family segregating ocular coloboma. Spatiotemporal in situ hybridisation in zebrafish embryos established for the first time that fadd is expressed during eye development. We therefore propose that FADD haploinsufficiency is likely to be responsible for ocular coloboma in this family. This study therefore implicates FGF3 and FADD in human craniofacial disease. L1 - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17656375&query_hl=1 ER - TY - JFULL T1 - Balancing bias, reliability, noise properties and the need for parametric maps in quantitative ligand PET: [(11)C]diprenorphine test-retest data. A1 - Hammers, A A1 - Asselin, MC A1 - Turkheimer, FE A1 - Hinz, R A1 - Osman, S A1 - Hotton, G A1 - Brooks, DJ A1 - Duncan, JS A1 - Koepp, MJ J1 - Neuroimage Y1 - 2007/07/24/ SN - 1053-8119 N2 - [(11)C]diprenorphine (DPN) is a non-subtype selective opioid receptor PET ligand with slow kinetics and no region devoid of specific binding. Parametric maps are desirable but have to overcome high noise at the voxel level. We obtained parameter values, parametric map image quality, test-retest reproducibility and reliability (using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs)) for conventional spectral analysis and a derived method (rank shaping), compared them with values obtained through sampling of volumes of interest (VOIs) on the dynamic data sets and tested whether smaller amounts of radioactivity injected maintained reliability. Ten subjects were injected twice with either approximately 185 MBq or approximately 135 MBq of [(11)C]DPN, followed by dynamic PET for 90 min. Data were movement corrected with a frame-to-frame co-registration method. Arterial plasma input functions corrected for radiolabelled metabolites were created. There was no overall effect of movement correction except for one subject with substantial movement whose test-retest differences decreased by approximately 50%. Actual parametric values depended heavily on the cutoff for slow frequencies (between 0.0008 s(-1) and 0.00063 s(-1)). Image quality was satisfactory for restricted base ranges when using conventional spectral analysis. The rank shaping method allowed maximising of this range but had similar bias. VOI-based methods had the widest dynamic range between regions. Average percentage test-retest differences were smallest for the parametric maps with restricted base ranges; similarly ICCs were highest for these (up to 0.86) but unacceptably low for VOI-derived VD estimates at the low doses of injected radioactivity (0.24/0.04). Our data can inform the choice of methodology for a given biological problem. L1 - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17764977&query_hl=1 ER - TY - JFULL T1 - Physiologically distinct temporal cohorts of cortical interneurons arise from telencephalic Olig2-expressing precursors. A1 - Miyoshi, G A1 - Butt, SJ A1 - Takebayashi, H A1 - Fishell, G J1 - J Neurosci Y1 - 2007/07/18/ VL - 27 SN - 1529-2401 SP - 7786 EP - 7798 N2 - Inhibitory GABAergic interneurons of the mouse neocortex are a highly heterogeneous population of neurons that originate from the ventral telencephalon and migrate tangentially up into the developing cortical plate. The majority of cortical interneurons arise from a transient embryonic structure known as the medial ganglionic eminence (MGE), but how the remarkable diversity is specified in this region is not known. We have taken a genetic fate mapping strategy to elucidate the temporal origins of cortical interneuron subtypes within the MGE. We used an inducible form of Cre under the regulation of Olig2, a basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor highly expressed in neural progenitors of the MGE. We observe that the physiological subtypes of cortical interneurons are, to a large degree, unique to their time point of generation. L1 - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17634372&query_hl=1 ER - TY - JFULL T1 - Neuronal Markers in Allergic Rhinitis: Expression and Correlation With Sensory Testing. A1 - O'hanlon, S A1 - Facer, P A1 - Simpson, KD A1 - Sandhu, G A1 - Saleh, HA A1 - Anand, P J1 - Laryngoscope Y1 - 2007/07/17/ VL - Publish Ahead of Print SN - 0023-852X N2 - INTRODUCTION:: Although the role of immunoglobulin E-mediated hypersensitivity reactions in allergic rhinitis is well known, the relative contribution of sensory nerves to the symptoms of rhinitis is uncertain. This study looked at the level of specific neuronal markers including the nerve marker protein gene product 9.5 (PGP 9.5), sensory and autonomic neuropeptides, the capsaicin/heat receptor TRPV1, and nerve growth factor (NGF) in patients with allergic rhinitis and controls and their correlation with nasal sensitivity. MATERIALS AND METHODS:: Forty patients (23 controls, 17 rhinitis) having nasal surgery were recruited. Nasal sensitivity was tested using graded monofilaments. Inferior turbinate biopsies were collected and studied using immunohistology, with measurement of nerve fibers by direct observation or computerized image analysis. RESULTS:: Nerve fibers (PGP 9.5) in the epithelium, subepithelium, and glandular/vascular regions were significantly increased in allergic rhinitis (P = .037, <.01, and .04, respectively), as were subepithelial and glandular/vascular fibers immunoreactive for neuropeptide substance P (P = .04 subepithelium; .02 glandular/vascular) and neuropeptide tyrosine (P < .01 glandular/vascular), markers for sensory and sympathetic nerves, respectively. TRPV1 epithelial fiber counts were higher in rhinitis, but thiswas not statistically significant. Epithelial NGF immunoreactivity (% area) was significantly increased in rhinitis (P = .027). Nasal sensitivity was correlated significantly with PGP 9.5 subepithelial innervation (control touch P = .023, irritation P = .046; rhinitis touch P = .042, irritation P = .043). A correlation was also observed between epithelial NGF and subepithelial PGP 9.5 innervation, which included all subjects (P = .044). CONCLUSION: The increased number and specific phenotypical changes of sensory nerves may play a role in nasal hypersensitivity and provide new targets for the treatment of rhinitis. L1 - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17667132&query_hl=1 ER - TY - JFULL T1 - Cortical control of erector spinae muscles during arm abduction in humans. A1 - Kuppuswamy, A A1 - Catley, M A1 - King, NK A1 - Strutton, PH A1 - Davey, NJ A1 - Ellaway, PH J1 - Gait Posture Y1 - 2007/07/16/ SN - 0966-6362 N2 - Abduction of one arm preferentially activates erector spinae muscles on the other side to stabilise the body. We hypothesise that the corticospinal drive to the arm abductors and the erector spinae may originate from the same hemisphere. In 18 subjects, transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) was applied using an angle double-cone coil placed symmetrically over the vertex. Motor evoked potentials (MEP) could not be evoked systematically seated at rest but could be evoked bilaterally in erector spinae muscles during unilateral arm abduction. TMS was applied at 110% and 120% motor threshold (MT) for the contralateral erector spinae muscle when an arm was abducted against resistance. The electromyographic (EMG) activity in the erector spinae at L4 vertebral level during contralateral arm abduction was significantly higher (P<0.05) than in the ipsilateral erector spinae. The mean (+/-S.E.M.) latencies of MEPs in the contralateral muscle to TMS at 120%MT (left 16.0+/-0.8ms; right 17.0+/-0.8ms) were significantly (P<0.05) longer than in the ipsilateral erector spinae (13.9+/-1.0ms; 16.6+/-0.4ms). In two of six subjects from the same group, it was possible to elicit MEPs by TMS applied selectively to one hemisphere using a figure-of-eight coil. MEPs ipsilateral to the TMS had longer latencies than contralateral MEPs. The study revealed an unexpectedly longer rather than shorter latency of the MEP recorded from the lumbar erector spinae muscles when co-activated during abduction of the opposite arm. A speculative explanation is that TMS might activate back muscles contralateral to arm abduction via an uncrossed, ipsilateral corticospinal tract that is slower conducting than the conventional crossed corticospinal tract. The study has implications for the design of measures to promote recovery and rehabilitation of motor function in disorders such as stroke and spinal cord injury. L1 - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17644335&query_hl=1 ER - TY - JFULL T1 - Longitudinal and cross-sectional analysis of atrophy in Alzheimer's disease: cross-validation of BSI, SIENA and SIENAX. A1 - Smith, SM A1 - Rao, A A1 - De Stefano, N A1 - Jenkinson, M A1 - Schott, JM A1 - Matthews, PM A1 - Fox, NC J1 - Neuroimage Y1 - 2007/07/15/ VL - 36 SN - 1053-8119 SP - 1200 EP - 1206 N2 - Brain volume loss (atrophy) is widely used as a marker of disease progression. Atrophy has been measured with a variety of methods, some estimating atrophy rate from two temporally separated scans, and others estimating atrophy state from a single scan. Three popular tools for measuring brain atrophy are BSI and SIENA (rate) and SIENAX (state). Previous papers have shown BSI and SIENA to have similar accuracy, but no work has carefully compared both methods using the same data set. Here we compare these methods, using data from patients with Alzheimer's disease and age-matched controls. We also compare the SIENA longitudinal measure with atrophy state estimated by SIENAX using just the earliest scan taken from each subject. We show strong correspondence and similar sensitivity to atrophy between all 3 measures. L1 - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17537648&query_hl=1 ER - TY - JFULL T1 - Vibrational analysis study of aluminum trifluoride phases. A1 - Gross, U A1 - Rüdiger, S A1 - Kemnitz, E A1 - Brzezinka, KW A1 - Mukhopadhyay, S A1 - Bailey, C A1 - Wander, A A1 - Harrison, N J1 - J Phys Chem A Y1 - 2007/07/05/ VL - 111 SN - 1089-5639 SP - 5813 EP - 5819 N2 - The vibrational modes of three solid AlF3 phases (alpha, beta, and amorphous high surface area AlF3) are investigated. Calculations have been performed using hybrid exchange correlation functionals to determine the equilibrium geometries and Gamma-point phonon frequencies for the alpha-AlF3 and beta-AlF3 phases. The calculated optical modes are in excellent agreement with experiment. The IR absorption of the amorphous, glasslike high surface area (HS)-AlF3 is also discussed. Deconvolution of the broad envelope of IR stretches and bending vibrations identifies the components of the observed broad band. From the IR vibrational spectrum it has been shown that both short-range and medium-range disorder are present within HS-AlF3. Structural phase transitions are identified by their phase transition temperature Tc, measured by thermal analysis. L1 - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17567116&query_hl=1 ER - TY - JFULL T1 - Imaging non-dopaminergic function in Parkinson's disease. A1 - Brooks, DJ J1 - Mol Imaging Biol Y1 - 2007/07// VL - 9 SN - 1536-1632 SP - 217 EP - 222 N2 - In Parkinson's disease (PD), there is degeneration of the cholinergic, noradrenergic, and serotonergic systems in addition to dopaminergic projections. Function of these non-dopaminergic systems can be imaged with positron emission tomography (PET) and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and correlated with motor and nonmotor symptomatology. In addition, neuronal loss in PD is associated with microglial activation. The role of microglia in driving the disease process remains uncertain. This review presents and discusses current findings in these areas. L1 - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17340229&query_hl=1 ER - TY - JFULL T1 - Frequent atrophic groups with mixed-type myofibers is distinctive to motor neuron syndromes. A1 - Baloh, RH A1 - Rakowicz, W A1 - Gardner, R A1 - Pestronk, A J1 - Muscle Nerve Y1 - 2007/07// VL - 36 SN - 0148-639X SP - 107 EP - 110 N2 - This study was performed to determine whether there are distinctive features to the pattern of muscle denervation in motor neuron disease. We first compared muscle biopsies from patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) or Kennedy's disease with other causes of denervation. Groups of atrophic muscle fibers, with individual groups containing both fiber types I and II, occurred frequently in motor neuron disease but not other causes of denervation. We then identified 11 additional muscle biopsies with frequent atrophic groups containing mixed fiber types. Chart review revealed that 10 patients had a final diagnosis of motor neuron disease or ALS and one had multifocal motor neuropathy. We conclude that muscle biopsy may have diagnostic utility early in the course of motor neuron disease. The muscle biopsy pattern of frequent atrophic groups containing mixed fiber types should suggest a diagnosis of a motor neuron syndrome or motor neuropathy. L1 - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17299742&query_hl=1 ER - TY - JFULL T1 - Papillary tumor of the pineal region and spindle cell oncocytoma of the pituitary: new tumor entities in the 2007 WHO Classification. A1 - Roncaroli, F A1 - Scheithauer, BW J1 - Brain Pathol Y1 - 2007/07// VL - 17 SN - 1015-6305 SP - 314 EP - 318 N2 - We have reviewed the features of two recently described intracranial tumors, which have been formally recognized as distinct entities by the 2007 WHO Classification of Brain Tumours: Papillary tumor of the pineal region and spindle cell oncocytoma of the pituitary gland. Their salient clinicopathological features, differential diagnosis, histogenetic hypothesis and outcome are discussed. L1 - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17598824&query_hl=1 ER - TY - JFULL T1 - Disease progression after bone marrow transplantation in a model of multiple sclerosis is associated with chronic microglial and glial progenitor response. A1 - Cassiani-Ingoni, R A1 - Muraro, PA A1 - Magnus, T A1 - Reichert-Scrivner, S A1 - Schmidt, J A1 - Huh, J A1 - Quandt, JA A1 - Bratincsak, A A1 - Shahar, T A1 - Eusebi, F A1 - Sherman, LS A1 - Mattson, MP A1 - Martin, R A1 - Rao, MS J1 - J Neuropathol Exp Neurol Y1 - 2007/07// VL - 66 SN - 0022-3069 SP - 637 EP - 649 N2 - Multiple sclerosis (MS), the most common nontraumatic cause of neurologic disability in young adults in economically developed countries, is characterized by inflammation, gliosis, demyelination, and neuronal degeneration in the CNS. Bone marrow transplantation (BMT) can suppress inflammatory disease in a majority of patients with MS but retards clinical progression only in patients treated in the early stages of the disease. Here, we applied BMT in a mouse model of neuroinflammation, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), and investigated the kinetics of reconstitution of the immune system in the periphery and in the CNS using bone marrow cells isolated from syngeneic donors constitutively expressing green fluorescent protein. This approach allowed us to dissect the contribution of donor cells to the turnover of resident microglia and to the pathogenesis of observed disease relapses after BMT. BMT effectively blocked or delayed EAE development when mice were treated early in the course of the disease but was without effect in mice with chronic disease. We found that there is minimal overall replacement of host microglia with donor cells in the CNS and that newly transplanted cells do not appear to contribute to disease progression. In contrast, EAE relapses are accompanied by the robust activation of endogenous microglial and macroglial cells, which further involves the maturation of endogenous Olig2 glial progenitor cells into reactive astrocytes through the cytoplasmic translocation of Olig2 and the expression of CD44 on the cellular membrane. The observed maturation of large numbers of reactive astrocytes from glial progenitors and the chronic activation of host microglial cells have relevance for our understanding of the resident glial response to inflammatory injury in the CNS. Our data indicate that reactivation of a local inflammatory process after BMT is sustained predominantly by endogenous microglia/macrophages. L1 - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17620989&query_hl=1 ER - TY - JFULL T1 - Alterations in presenilin 1 processing by amyloid-beta peptide in the rat retina. A1 - Watts, HR A1 - Vince, V A1 - Walsh, DT A1 - Bresciani, LG A1 - Gentleman, SM A1 - Jen, LS A1 - Anderson, PJ J1 - Exp Brain Res Y1 - 2007/07// VL - 181 SN - 0014-4819 SP - 69 EP - 77 N2 - Accumulating evidence indicates that mutations in the presenilin 1 (PS1) gene are responsible for most cases of familial Alzheimer's disease (AD). Although its biological functions are not yet fully understood, it appears that PS1 plays a role in the processing and trafficking of the amyloid precursor protein (APP). However, little is known about factors that are involved in regulating the metabolism of PS1 especially in relation to AD pathology. In this study, we have examined the effect of optic nerve crush, intravitreal injection of the inflammatory agent lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or injection of amyloid beta(1-42) (Abeta(1-42)) on the expression and processing of PS1 in the rat retina. We found that 48 h after injection of Abeta(1-42) there was a dramatic alteration in the banding pattern of PS1 on Western blots, as indicated by marked changes in the levels of expression of some of its C- and N-terminal fragments in retinal homogenates. These results suggest an Abeta(1-42)-induced potentiation of a non-specific stress-related but inflammation-independent alteration of processing of PS1 in this in vivo model. L1 - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17333007&query_hl=1 ER - TY - JFULL T1 - The size and distribution of midbrain dopaminergic populations are permanently altered by perinatal glucocorticoid exposure in a sex- region- and time-specific manner. A1 - McArthur, S A1 - McHale, E A1 - Gillies, GE J1 - Neuropsychopharmacology Y1 - 2007/07// VL - 32 SN - 0893-133X SP - 1462 EP - 1476 N2 - Central dopaminergic (DA) systems appear to be particularly vulnerable to disruption by exposure to stressors in early life, but the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. As endogenous glucocorticoids (GCs) are implicated in other aspects of neurobiological programming, this study aimed to characterize the effects of perinatal GC exposure on the cytoarchitecture of DA populations in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) and the ventral tegmental area (VTA). Dexamethasone was administered non-invasively to rat pups via the mothers' drinking water during embryonic days 16-19 or postnatal days 1-7, with a total oral intake circa 0.075 or 0.15 mg/kg/day, respectively; controls received normal drinking water. Analysis of tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive cell counts and regional volumes in adult offspring identified notable sex differences in the shape and volume of the SNc and VTA, as well as the topographical organization and size of the DA populations. Perinatal GC treatments increased the DA population size and altered the shape of the SNc and VTA as well as the organization of the DA neurons by expanding and/or shifting them in a caudal direction. This response was sexually dimorphic and included a feminization or demasculinization of the three-dimensional cytoarchitecture in males, and subtle differences that were dependent on the window of exposure. These findings demonstrate that inappropriate perinatal exposure to GCs have enduring effects on the organization of midbrain DA systems that are critically important for normal brain function throughout life. L1 - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17164817&query_hl=1 ER - TY - JFULL T1 - Microglial activation in presymptomatic Huntington's disease gene carriers. A1 - Tai, YF A1 - Pavese, N A1 - Gerhard, A A1 - Tabrizi, SJ A1 - Barker, RA A1 - Brooks, DJ A1 - Piccini, P J1 - Brain Y1 - 2007/07// VL - 130 SN - 1460-2156 SP - 1759 EP - 1766 N2 - Microglial activation may play a role in the pathogenesis of Huntington's disease (HD). Using 11C-(R)-PK11195 (PK) positron emission tomography (PET), we investigated microglial activation in HD presymptomatic gene carriers (PGCs), its relationship with striatal neuronal dysfunction measured with 11C-raclopride (RAC) PET, and the role of PK PET as a possible marker of subclinical disease progression in PGCs. Eleven HD PGCs underwent PK and RAC PET. Their results were compared with those of healthy controls. PK and RAC binding was measured using region-of-interest analysis. Regional increases in PK binding were also localized with voxel-based statistical parametric mapping. HD PGCs had lower striatal RAC binding than the controls but significantly higher striatal and cortical PK binding. Individual levels of higher striatal PK binding in PGCs correlated with lower striatal RAC binding and, after excluding one outlier, with a higher probability of developing HD in 5 years. The inverse association between striatal PK and RAC binding in PGCs continues into early to moderate stages of HD. This study demonstrated for the first time in vivo widespread microglial activation in preclinical HD which correlated with striatal neuronal dysfunction. These findings indicate that microglial activation is an early event in the pathogenic processes of HD and is associated with subclinical progression of disease. PK PET may be a useful marker of active subclinical disease and a means of investigating the efficacy of neuroprotection strategies in PGCs. L1 - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17400599&query_hl=1 ER - TY - JFULL T1 - Modified Overt Aggression Scale (MOAS) for people with intellectual disability and aggressive challenging behaviour: A reliability study A1 - Oliver, PC A1 - Crawford, MJ A1 - Rao, B A1 - Reece, B A1 - Tyrer, P J1 - J APPL RES INTELLECT Y1 - 2007/07// VL - 20 SP - 368 EP - 372 N2 - Background Reliable measures of aggressive challenging behaviour are required if interventions aimed at reducing this behaviour among people with intellectual disability (ID) are to be formally evaluated. The present authors examined the reliability of the Modified Overt Aggression Scale (MOAS), an instrument not yet formally tested in those with ID, in a sample of people who participated in a randomized trial of neuroleptic medication for aggressive challenging behaviour.Method Sixty interviews using the MOAS were carried out by two interviewers 2-5 days apart with 23 carers of 14 people who had shown aggressive challenging behaviour. Level of agreement between these two ratings was examined for four subscales of aggression and for total MOAS score.Results The level of agreement between the raters was high for verbal aggression (intraclass correlation coefficient, ICC = 0.90), physical aggression against others (ICC = 0.90) and for total MOAS score (ICC = 0.93). Levels of agreement on the other two subscales were lower but still in the good/moderate range.Conclusion The MOAS provides a reliable measure of verbal and physical aggression among people with ID who reside in community settings and is suitable for use in studies evaluating the effectiveness of interventions aimed at reducing aggressive challenging behaviour in this group. ER - TY - JFULL T1 - Prevalence and nature of side effects during clozapine maintenance treatment and the relationship with clozapine dose and plasma concentration. A1 - Yusufi, B A1 - Mukherjee, S A1 - Flanagan, R A1 - Paton, C A1 - Dunn, G A1 - Page, E A1 - Barnes, TR J1 - Int Clin Psychopharmacol Y1 - 2007/07// VL - 22 SN - 0268-1315 SP - 238 EP - 243 N2 - Clozapine is associated with non-neurological side effects that can be subjectively unpleasant and/or clinically serious. We sought to: (i) assess the nature and prevalence of side effects experienced by patients receiving maintenance treatment with clozapine and (ii) explore the relationship between clozapine plasma concentration and side effect burden. Patients were receiving clozapine maintenance treatment. Open questioning followed by systematic enquiry using the Antipsychotic Non-neurological Side Effects Rating Scale were used to assess side effects. Trough plasma clozapine and norclozapine concentrations were measured. One hundred and three patients participated. On open questioning, 61 patients reported a total of 117 side effects, whereas systematic enquiry identified an additional 649 side effects, with each patient reporting at least one. Clozapine plasma concentrations were significantly but weakly correlated with total Antipsychotic Non-neurological Side Effects Rating Scale score (Pearson correlation=0.29, P<0.004). Patients with a plasma clozapine concentration >0.25 mg/l were significantly more likely to have moderate/severe side effects than patients with lower plasma concentrations (63/76 vs. 12/23, chi=9.07, d.f.=1, P<0.01). The side-effect burden associated with maintenance clozapine treatment is high and the true extent can only be ascertained by systematic inquiry. The use of target plasma concentrations below those used for acute treatment should be explored as a strategy for minimizing side effects. L1 - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17519648&query_hl=1 ER - TY - JFULL T1 - Molecular imaging of brain amyloid in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease. A1 - Matthews, PM J1 - Nat Clin Pract Neurol Y1 - 2007/07// VL - 3 SN - 1745-8358 SP - 366 EP - 367 L1 - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17519921&query_hl=1 ER - TY - JFULL T1 - Brain opioid receptor binding in early abstinence from opioid dependence: positron emission tomography study. A1 - Williams, TM A1 - Daglish, MR A1 - Lingford-Hughes, A A1 - Taylor, LG A1 - Hammers, A A1 - Brooks, DJ A1 - Grasby, P A1 - Myles, JS A1 - Nutt, DJ J1 - Br J Psychiatry Y1 - 2007/07// VL - 191 SN - 0007-1250 SP - 63 EP - 69 N2 - BACKGROUND: Although opioid receptor function in humans is clearly reduced during opioid dependence, what happens to the receptor in early abstinence is not understood. AIMS: This study sought to examine changes in opioid receptor availability in early abstinence from opioid dependence. METHOD: Ten people with opioid dependence who had completed in-patient detoxification and 20 healthy controls underwent [11C]-diprenorphine positron emission tomography. Clinical variables were assessed with structured questionnaires. Opioid receptor binding was characterised as the volume of distribution of [11C]-diprenorphine using a template of predefined brain volumes and an exploratory voxel-by-voxel analysis. RESULTS: Compared with controls, participants with opioid dependence had increased [11C]-diprenorphine binding in the whole brain and in 15 of the 21 a priori regions studied. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that opioid receptor binding is increased throughout the brain in early abstinence from dependent opioid use. These data complement the findings in cocaine and alcohol dependence. L1 - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17602127&query_hl=1 ER - TY - JFULL T1 - Post-deep brain stimulation - gradual non-stimulation dependent decrease in strength with attenuation of multiple sclerosis tremor. A1 - Hyam, JA A1 - Aziz, TZ A1 - Bain, PG J1 - J Neurol Y1 - 2007/07// VL - 254 SN - 0340-5354 SP - 854 EP - 860 N2 - Tremor in multiple sclerosis is considered to be a persistent and progressive sign. We describe five patients with multiple sclerosis in whom upper limb tremor severity gradually decreased over a period of several years after deep brain stimulation. In every case this attenuation of tremor was accompanied by increasing pyramidal weakness in the relevant upper limb. In two patients this attenuation of tremor remained after stimulation was permanently switched off. In one other patient, where upper limb strength remained normal, tremor severity gradually worsened in spite of continuing stimulation. There was a highly significant difference (p = 0.0007) between the changes in intention tremor severities when the arms with increasing pyramidal weakness (n = 9) were compared to those in which normal strength was retained throughout follow-up period (n = 3); intention tremor decreased in the former and increased in the latter by means of -3.66 and +4.0 points of a 0-10 tremor scale respectively. There was also a significant correlation (0.699; p = 0.0359) between decreasing upper limb strength and decreasing intention tremor severity for the upper limbs of patients that had undergone contralateral DBS. L1 - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17431703&query_hl=1 ER - TY - JFULL T1 - Genome-wide search for multiple loci in type 2 diabetes A1 - Bell, JT A1 - Elliot, K A1 - Morris, A A1 - Groves, CJ A1 - Fiddy, SE A1 - Frayling, TM A1 - Hattersley, AT A1 - Walker, M A1 - Hitman, GA A1 - McCarthy, MI A1 - Wiltshire, S J1 - GENET EPIDEMIOL Y1 - 2007/07// VL - 31 SN - 0741-0395 SP - 462 EP - 463 ER - TY - JFULL T1 - Investigating the mechanisms of deep brain stimulation: Computational modelling approaches  A commentary. A1 - N Yousif A1 - X Liu J1 - Current Medical Literature: Neurology Y1 - 2007/07// VL - 23 SP - 29 EP - 34 ER - TY - JFULL T1 - [(11)C]Flumazenil PET in temporal lobe epilepsy: do we need an arterial input function or kinetic modeling? A1 - Hammers, A A1 - Panagoda, P A1 - Heckemann, RA A1 - Kelsch, W A1 - Turkheimer, FE A1 - Brooks, DJ A1 - Duncan, JS A1 - Koepp, MJ J1 - J Cereb Blood Flow Metab Y1 - 2007/06/20/ SN - 0271-678X N2 - Reduced signal on [(11)C]]flumazenil (FMZ) positron emission tomography (PET) is associated with epileptogenic foci. Linear correlations within individuals between parametric and nonparametric images of FMZ binding have been shown, and various methods have been used, without comparison of diagnostic usefulness. Using hippocampal sclerosis (HS) as a test case, we formally compare the diagnostic yield of parametric images obtained either with a parent tracer arterial plasma input function and spectral analysis (yielding volume-of-distribution (VD) images), or with an image-based input function and the simplified reference tissue model (binding potential images, BP-SRTM) with the diagnostic yield of semiquantitative-integrated (ADD) images from 10 to 20 or 20 to 40 mins (ADD1020 and ADD2040). Dynamic 90-min [(11)C]FMZ PET datasets and arterial plasma input functions were available for 15 patients with medically refractory medial temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) and histologically verified unilateral HS and for 13 control subjects. SPM2 was used for analysis. ADD1020 and ADD2040 images showed decreased FMZ uptake ipsilateral to the epileptogenic hippocampus in 13/15 cases; 6/13 had bilateral decreases in the ADD1020 analysis and 5/13 in the ADD2040 analysis. BP-SRTM images detected ipsilateral decreases in 12/15 cases, with bilateral decreases in three. In contrast, VD images showed ipsilateral hippocampal decreases in all 15 patients, with bilateral decreases in three patients. Bilateral decreases in the ADD images tended to be more symmetrical and in one case were more marked contralaterally. Full quantification with an image-independent input should ideally be used in the evaluation of FMZ PET; at least in TLE, intrasubject correlations do not predict equivalent clinical usefulness.Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow &#38; Metabolism advance online publication, 20 June 2007; doi:10.1038/sj.jcbfm.9600515. L1 - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17579659&query_hl=1 ER - TY - JFULL T1 - Depersonalisation/derealisation symptoms and updating orientation in patients with vestibular disease. A1 - Jáuregui-Renaud, K A1 - Yen Pik Sang, F A1 - Gresty, MA A1 - Green, DA A1 - Bronstein, AM J1 - J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry Y1 - 2007/06/19/ SN - 1468-330X N2 - BACKGROUND: Patients with vestibular disease have an increased rate of reporting symptoms of depersonalisation/ derealisation (DD) and similar symptoms can be provoked in healthy subjects during caloric vestibular stimulation. OBJECTIVE: To assess the relationship between DD symptoms in patients with peripheral vestibular disease and their ability to update orientation in the environment. METHODS: Sixty healthy subjects and 50 patients with peripheral vestibular disease completed a DD questionnaire (Cox and Swinson, 2002) and the GHQ-12 (Goldberg and Williams,1988). This was followed by a test of updating spatial orientation in which subjects were exposed to 10 manually driven whole body rotations of 45 degrees , 90 degrees or 135 degrees in a square room, which contained distinctive features on the walls, in such a way that the features and corners subtended 45 degrees with respect to the subject. After each rotation subjects reported which wall or corner they were facing. Estimation error was calculated by subtracting the reported rotation from the actual rotation. RESULTS: DD scores were significantly higher in vestibular patients than in healthy subjects (p<0.05, t test). In patients, the lowest symptom scores and the lowest estimation errors were found in those with a unilateral canal paresis without recent balance symptoms whereas the highest scores and largest estimation errors were found in those with bilateral vestibular loss (p<0.05, ANOVA). Across all patients, DD scores were related to estimation errors (adjusted R2= 0.25, p<0.05, ANCOVA). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with peripheral vestibular disease have a deficit in the ability to update orientation on the environment and a high prevalence of DD symptoms, which may imply a high order effect of the vestibular impairment. Derealisation symptoms in vestibular disease may be a consequence of a sensory mismatch between disordered vestibular input and other sensory signals of orientation. L1 - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17578858&query_hl=1 ER - TY - JFULL T1 - Human medial frontal cortex mediates unconscious inhibition of voluntary action. A1 - Sumner, P A1 - Nachev, P A1 - Morris, P A1 - Peters, AM A1 - Jackson, SR A1 - Kennard, C A1 - Husain, M J1 - Neuron Y1 - 2007/06/07/ VL - 54 SN - 0896-6273 SP - 697 EP - 711 N2 - Within the medial frontal cortex, the supplementary eye field (SEF), supplementary motor area (SMA), and pre-SMA have been implicated in the control of voluntary action, especially during motor sequences or tasks involving rapid choices between competing response plans. However, the precise roles of these areas remain controversial. Here, we study two extremely rare patients with microlesions of the SEF and SMA to demonstrate that these areas are critically involved in unconscious and involuntary motor control. We employed masked-prime stimuli that evoked automatic inhibition in healthy people and control patients with lateral premotor or pre-SMA damage. In contrast, our SEF/SMA patients showed a complete reversal of the normal inhibitory effect--ocular or manual--corresponding to the functional subregion lesioned. These findings imply that the SEF and SMA mediate automatic effector-specific suppression of motor plans. This automatic mechanism may contribute to the participation of these areas in the voluntary control of action. L1 - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17553420&query_hl=1 ER - TY - JFULL T1 - Activation of the annexin 1 counter-regulatory circuit affords protection in the mouse brain microcirculation. A1 - Gavins, FN A1 - Dalli, J A1 - Flower, RJ A1 - Granger, DN A1 - Perretti, M J1 - FASEB J Y1 - 2007/06// VL - 21 SN - 1530-6860 SP - 1751 EP - 1758 N2 - The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of the homeostatic antiinflammatory axis centered on annexin 1 (AnxA1) in cerebral microvascular dysfunction and tissue injury associated with middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion and reperfusion. Intravital fluorescence microscopy was used to visualize the mouse cerebral microcirculation: AnxA1 null mice exhibited more white blood cell adhesion in cerebral venules than their wild-type counterparts, and this was accompanied by a larger cerebral infarct vol and worse neurological score. All parameters were rescued by delivery of human recombinant AnxA1. To further explore these findings using pharmacological tools, the effect of a short AnxA1 peptidomimetic was tested. When given during the reperfusion phase, peptide Ac2-26 produced similar cerebroprotection, which was associated with a marked attenuation of cell adhesion and markers of inflammation as measured in tissue homogenates. The pharmacological effects of peptide Ac2-26 occurred via receptors of the formyl-peptide receptor (FPR) family, most likely FPR-rs2, as deduced by displacement assays with transfected cells and in vivo experiments with transgenic mice and receptor antagonists. Our findings indicate that the endogenous antiinflammatory circuit centered on AnxA1 produces significant cerebral protection, and that these properties might have therapeutic potential for stroke treatment. L1 - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17317721&query_hl=1 ER - TY - JFULL T1 - Giving voice to contrary opinions A1 - Tyrer, P J1 - BRIT J PSYCHIAT Y1 - 2007/06// VL - 190 SN - 0007-1250 SP - 546 EP - 546 ER - TY - JFULL T1 - The neuroprotective properties of heat shock protein 27 in experimental models of epilepsy, nerve injury and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis A1 - Sharp, P A1 - Senda, A A1 - Joshi, K A1 - Akbar, T A1 - De Belleroche, J J1 - J NEUROCHEM Y1 - 2007/06// VL - 101 SN - 0022-3042 SP - 15 EP - 16 ER - TY - JFULL T1 - ABCB1 genotype and PGP expression, function and therapeutic drug response: a critical review and recommendations for future research. A1 - Leschziner, GD A1 - Andrew, T A1 - Pirmohamed, M A1 - Johnson, MR J1 - Pharmacogenomics J Y1 - 2007/06// VL - 7 SN - 1470-269X SP - 154 EP - 179 N2 - The product of the ABCB1 gene, P-glycoprotein (PGP), is a transmembrane active efflux pump for a variety of drugs. It is a putative mechanism of multidrug resistance in a range of diseases. It is postulated that ABCB1 polymorphisms contribute to variability in PGP function, and that therefore multidrug resistance is, at least in part, genetically determined. However, studies of ABCB1 genotype or haplotype and PGP expression, activity or drug response have produced inconsistent results. This critical review of ABCB1 genotype and PGP function, including mRNA expression, PGP-substrate drug pharmacokinetics and drug response, highlights methodological limitations of existing studies, including inadequate power, potential confounding by co-morbidity and co-medication, multiple testing, poor definition of disease phenotype and outcomes, and analysis of multiple drugs that might not be PGP substrates. We have produced recommendations for future research that will aid clarification of the association between ABCB1 genotypes and factors related to PGP activity. L1 - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16969364&query_hl=1 ER - TY - JFULL T1 - Vestibular perception and navigation in the congenitally blind. A1 - Seemungal, BM A1 - Glasauer, S A1 - Gresty, MA A1 - Bronstein, AM J1 - J Neurophysiol Y1 - 2007/06// VL - 97 SN - 0022-3077 SP - 4341 EP - 4356 N2 - Vestibular input is required for accurate locomotion in the dark, yet blind subjects' vestibular function is unexplored. Such investigation may also identify visually dependent aspects of vestibular function. We assessed vestibular function perceptually in six congenitally blind (and 12 sighted) subjects. Cupula deflection by a transient angular, horizontal acceleration generates a related vestibular nerve signal that declines exponentially with time constant approximately 4-7 s, which is prolonged to 15 s in the evoked vestibular-ocular reflex by the brain stem "velocity storage." We measured perceptual velocity storage in blind subjects following velocity steps (overall perceptual vestibular time constant, experiment 1) and found it to be significantly shorter (5.34 s; range: 2.39-8.58 s) than in control, sighted subjects (15.8 s; P < 0.001). Vestibular navigation was assessed by subjects steering a motorized Bárány-chair in response to imposed angular displacements in a path-reversal task, "go-back-to-start" (GBS: experiment 2); and a path-completion task, "complete-the-circle" (CTC: experiment 3). GBS performances (comparing response vs. stimulus displacement regression slopes and r(2)) were equal between groups (P > 0.05), but the blind showed worse CTC performance (P < 0.05). Two blind individuals showed ultrashort perceptual time constants, high lifetime physical activity scores and superior CTC performances; we speculate that these factors may be inter-related. In summary, the vestibular velocity storage as measured perceptually is visually dependent. Early blindness does not affect path reversal performance but is associated with worse path completion, a task requiring an absolute spatial strategy. Although congenitally blind subjects are overall less able to utilize spatial mechanisms during vestibular navigation, prior extensive physical spatial activity may enhance vestibular navigation. L1 - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17392406&query_hl=1 ER - TY - JFULL T1 - Integrated mass spectrometric strategy for characterizing the glycans from glycosphingolipids and glycoproteins: direct identification of sialyl Le(x) in mice. A1 - Parry, S A1 - Ledger, V A1 - Tissot, B A1 - Haslam, SM A1 - Scott, J A1 - Morris, HR A1 - Dell, A J1 - Glycobiology Y1 - 2007/06// VL - 17 SN - 0959-6658 SP - 646 EP - 654 N2 - The current interest in applying systems biology approaches to studying an organism's form or function promises to reveal further insights into the role of glycosylation in cells and whole organisms. This has prompted the development of a rapid, sensitive method of profiling the glycan component of both glycosphingolipids and glycoproteins from a single sample. Here we report a new mass spectrometric screening strategy for characterizing glycosphingolipid-derived oligosaccharides, which can be integrated into an existing highly sensitive glycoprotein glycomics strategy. Using ceramide glycanase to release the glycans from glycosphingolipids, this method provides a reliable profile of the glycosphingolipid-derived glycans present in a sample and has revealed new glycan structures. Glycoproteins are also efficiently recovered using this method, allowing the subsequent analysis of glycoprotein-derived glycans by mass spectrometry. The high sensitivity of this glycomic screening method allowed us to directly characterize the sialyl Le(x) epitope from mouse brain for the first time, where it was observed on an O-mannose structure. Thus, we present a mass spectrometric method that allows glycomic screening of N- and O-glycans as well as glycosphingolipid-derived glycans from a single tissue. L1 - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17341505&query_hl=1 ER - TY - JFULL T1 - Remyelination can be extensive in multiple sclerosis despite a long disease course. A1 - Patani, R A1 - Balaratnam, M A1 - Vora, A A1 - Reynolds, R J1 - Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol Y1 - 2007/06// VL - 33 SN - 0305-1846 SP - 277 EP - 287 N2 - Experimental studies using models of multiple sclerosis (MS) indicate that rapid and extensive remyelination of inflammatory demyelinated lesions is not only possible, but is the normal situation. The presence of completely remyelinated MS lesions has been noted in numerous studies and routine limited sampling of post mortem MS material suggests that remyelination may be extensive in the early stages but eventually fails. However, visual macroscopic guided sampling tends to be biased towards chronic demyelinated lesions. Here we have extensively sampled cerebral tissue from two MS cases to investigate the true extent of remyelination. Sections were cut from 185 cerebral tissue blocks and stained with haematoxylin and eosin (H&E), luxol fast blue and cresyl fast violet (LFB/CFV) and anti-myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein, human leucocyte antigen-DR (HLA-DR) and 200 kDa neurofilament protein antibodies. Demyelinated areas were identified in 141 blocks, comprising both white matter (WMLs) and/or grey matter lesions. In total, 168 WMLs were identified, 22% of which were shadow plaques, 73% were partially remyelinated and only 5% were completely demyelinated. The average extent of lesion remyelination for all WMLs investigated was 47%. Increased density of HLA-DR(+) macrophages and microglia at the lesion border correlated significantly with more extensive remyelination. Results from this study of two patients with long standing disease suggest that remyelination in MS may be more extensive than previously thought. L1 - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17442065&query_hl=1 ER - TY - JFULL T1 - Vagal and sympathetic heart rate and blood pressure control in adult onset PHOX2B mutation-confirmed congenital central hypoventilation syndrome A1 - Diedrich, A A1 - Malow, BA A1 - Antic, NA A1 - Sato, K A1 - McEvoy, RD A1 - Mathias, CJ A1 - Robertson, D A1 - Berry-Kravis, EM A1 - Weese-Mayer, DE J1 - CLIN AUTON RES Y1 - 2007/06// VL - 17 SN - 0959-9851 SP - 177 EP - 185 N2 - Background Children with Congenital Central Hypoventilation Syndrome (CCHS) typically present as newborns with alveolar hypoventilation. With the advent of genetic testing, parents of affected children and other unrelated adults, all heterozygous for the disease-defining PHOX2B polyalanine expansion mutation with the 20/25 genotype, are being identified in adulthood. Though children with PHOX2B mutation-confirmed CCHS demonstrate ANS dysregulation, including altered heart rate and blood pressure control, it is unknown if adults with CCHS have similarly affected autonomic function in blood pressure control. Methods and Results An autonomic profile of blood pressure control has been studied with recording of muscle sympathetic activity and spectral analysis of heart rate and blood pressure variability of one adult patient with alveolar hypoventilation and the 20/25 PHOX2B genotype. All parameters of heart rate variability were reduced. Cardiac baroreflex sensitivity was decreased. Sympathetic responses to Valsalva maneuver, hypoxemia, isometric exercise and cold pressor were blunted. Conclusion In summary, we found a reduced cardiac baroreflex and a blunted sympathetic mediated response in the individual with adult-onset CCHS, possibly due to dysfunction in the afferent pathway. Our results confirm that PHOX2B affects the development of the autonomic nervous system, possibly causing absence of normal maturation of carotid body and visceral sensory ganglia and leading to autonomic dysfunction in adult-onset CCHS. ER - TY - JFULL T1 - Altered emotional decision-making in prisoners with borderline personality disorder. A1 - Kirkpatrick, T A1 - Joyce, E A1 - Milton, J A1 - Duggan, C A1 - Tyrer, P A1 - Rogers, RD J1 - J Personal Disord Y1 - 2007/06// VL - 21 SN - 0885-579X SP - 243 EP - 261 N2 - Previous studies have identified neuropsychological deficits in individuals with antisocial personality disorder and/or psychopathy. Few studies have examined neuropsychological functioning in individuals with borderline personality disorder (BPD), and no studies have yet investigated cognitive and emotional function in male prisoners with BPD. In this study, we compared the risky decision-making of 17 participants with a history of serious violent or sexual offenses and a diagnosis of DSM-IV BPD with that of 17 participants with similar offending histories but personality disorders other than BPD. Those with BPD exhibited altered processing of information about potential losses (punishment) when the probability of gains (reward) was high; they also increased their choice of risky options even in circumstances where this was clearly avoidable. These data suggest that individuals with a diagnosis of BPD and a history of serious offenses have problems integrating different reinforcement signals when choosing between risky actions, perhaps reflecting corticolimbic dysfunction as an underlying mechanism in BPD. L1 - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17536938&query_hl=1 ER - TY - JFULL T1 - Deep brain stimulation: a new treatment for hypertension? A1 - Green, AL A1 - Wang, S A1 - Bittar, RG A1 - Owen, SL A1 - Paterson, DJ A1 - Stein, JF A1 - Bain, PG A1 - Shlugman, D A1 - Aziz, TZ J1 - J Clin Neurosci Y1 - 2007/06// VL - 14 SN - 0967-5868 SP - 592 EP - 595 N2 - We report a 61-year-old hypertensive man who underwent deep brain stimulation of the periventricular/periaqueductal grey area for the relief of chronic neuropathic pain affecting his oral cavity and soft palate. During intraoperative stimulation, we were able to modulate his blood pressure up or down, depending on electrode location. This is the first evidence that hypertension could be effectively treated with electrical stimulation of the midbrain. L1 - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17430783&query_hl=1 ER - TY - JFULL T1 - Involvement of prefrontal cortex in visual search. A1 - Anderson, EJ A1 - Mannan, SK A1 - Husain, M A1 - Rees, G A1 - Sumner, P A1 - Mort, DJ A1 - McRobbie, D A1 - Kennard, C J1 - Exp Brain Res Y1 - 2007/06// VL - 180 SN - 0014-4819 SP - 289 EP - 302 N2 - Visual search for target items embedded within a set of distracting items has consistently been shown to engage regions of occipital and parietal cortex, but the contribution of different regions of prefrontal cortex remains unclear. Here, we used fMRI to compare brain activity in 12 healthy participants performing efficient and inefficient search tasks in which target discriminability and the number of distractor items were manipulated. Matched baseline conditions were incorporated to control for visual and motor components of the tasks, allowing cortical activity associated with each type of search to be isolated. Region of interest analysis was applied to critical regions of prefrontal cortex to determine whether their involvement was common to both efficient and inefficient search, or unique to inefficient search alone. We found regions of the inferior and middle frontal cortex were only active during inefficient search, whereas an area in the superior frontal cortex (in the region of FEF) was active for both efficient and inefficient search. Thus, regions of ventral as well as dorsal prefrontal cortex are recruited during inefficient search, and we propose that this activity is related to processes that guide, control and monitor the allocation of selective attention. L1 - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17310377&query_hl=1 ER - TY - JFULL T1 - Modeling dose-response in amblyopia: Toward a child-specific treatment plan A1 - Stewart, CE A1 - Stephens, DA A1 - Fielder, AR A1 - Moseley, MJ A1 - MOTAS Cooperative J1 - INVEST OPHTH VIS SCI Y1 - 2007/06// VL - 48 SN - 0146-0404 SP - 2589 EP - 2594 N2 - PURPOSE. This article describes an empirically derived mathematical model of the treatment dose-response of occlusion therapy for amblyopia based on outcome data obtained from the Monitored Occlusion Treatment for Amblyopia Study (MOTAS).METHODS. The MOTAS protocol comprised three discrete phases: baseline, refractive adaptation, and occlusion. Only data from the occlusion phase were used in this dose-response model. Seventy-two participants, 3 to 8 years of age, mean +/- SD age 5.2 +/- 1.4 years (anisometropia [n = 18]); strabismus [n = 22]); both anisometropia and strabismus [n = 32]) completed the occlusion phase. All participants were prescribed 6-h/d patching, which was objectively monitored by an occlusion dose monitor (ODM).RESULTS. Simple normal linear regression modeling of the data on an interval-by-interval basis (interval between clinic visits) indicates that increasing cumulative dose within interval (hours) yields an increase in visual acuity (R-2 = 0.918; 684 data points). Most of the children achieved their best visual acuity with 150 to 250 hours' cumulative dose. Specific patient characteristics (especially age) modify the steepness of this function. For example, a 0.20-logMAR (2-line logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution) gain in visual acuity requires a cumulative dose of 170 hours for children at age 48 months and 236 hours at age 72 months.CONCLUSIONS. Mathematical modeling of amblyopia therapy is a novel approach that elucidates the kinetics of the therapeutic response in humans. This response is age-influenced so that older children require a greater dose to achieve the same outcome-evidence of altered plasticity of the visual system, Fine-tuning the dose-response in amblyopia therapy will facilitate the development of child-specific, evidence-based treatment plans. ER - TY - JFULL T1 - Molecular targets of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in neurodegenerative diseases A1 - Lleo, A A1 - Galea, E A1 - Sastre, M J1 - CELL MOL LIFE SCI Y1 - 2007/06// VL - 64 SN - 1420-682X SP - 1403 EP - 1418 N2 - During the last decade, interest has grown in the beneficial effects of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in neurodegeneration, particularly in pathologies such as Alzheimer's (AD) and Parkinson's (PD) disease. Evidence from epidemiological studies has indicated a decreased risk for AD and PD in patients with a history of chronic NSAID use. However, clinical trials with NSAIDs in AD patients have yielded conflicting results, suggesting that these drugs may be beneficial only when used as preventive therapy or in early stages of the disease. NSAIDs may also have salutary effects in other neurodegenerative diseases with an inflammatory component, such as multiple sclerosis and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. In this review we analyze the molecular (cyclooxygenases, secretases, NF-kappa B, PPAR, or Rho-GTPasas) and cellular (neurons, microglia, astrocytes or endothelial cells) targets of NSAIDs that may mediate the therapeutic function of these drugs in neurodegeneration. ER - TY - JFULL T1 - Factors affecting the stability of visual function following cessation of occlusion therapy for amblyopia. A1 - Tacagni, DJ A1 - Stewart, CE A1 - Moseley, MJ A1 - Fielder, AR J1 - Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol Y1 - 2007/06// VL - 245 SN - 0721-832X SP - 811 EP - 816 N2 - AIM: To identify factors that predict which children with amblyopia are at greatest risk of regression of visual acuity (VA) following the cessation of occlusion therapy. METHOD: A retrospective analysis was performed of 182 children (mean age at cessation of treatment; 5.9+/-1.6 years) who had undergone occlusion therapy for unilateral amblyopia, and had been followed up at least once within 15 months of cessation. Statistical analysis was used to identify whether change in VA following treatment cessation had any association with various factors, including the child's age, type of amblyopia, degree of anisometropia, initial severity of amblyopia, binocular vision status, length and dose of occlusion therapy, and VA response to treatment. RESULTS: At 1 year, follow-up from treatment cessation, children with "mixed" amblyopia (both anisometropia and strabismus) demonstrated significantly (p=0.03) greater deterioration in VA (0.11+/-0.11 log units) than children with only anisometropia (0.02+/-0.08 log units) or only strabismus (0.05+/-0.10 log units). However, none of the other factors investigated were found to be significant predictors. CONCLUSION: This study supports previous research that it is possible to identify those children most at risk of deterioration in VA following cessation of occlusion therapy. The presence of mixed amblyopia was the only risk factor identified in this study. Management of amblyopia should take this into account, with a more intensive follow-up recommended for those with both anisometropia and strabismus (mixed) amblyopia. L1 - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17047980&query_hl=1 ER - TY - JFULL T1 - Authors' reply:. A1 - Burns, T A1 - Yiend, J A1 - Tyrer, P J1 - Br J Psychiatry Y1 - 2007/06// VL - 190 SN - 0007-1250 SP - 538 EP - 538 L1 - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17541121&query_hl=1 ER - TY - JFULL T1 - Autonomic status epilepticus in Panayiotopoulos syndrome and other childhood and adult epilepsies: A consensus view A1 - Ferrie, CD A1 - Caraballo, R A1 - Covanis, A A1 - Demirbilek, V A1 - Dervent, A A1 - Fejerman, N A1 - Fusco, L A1 - Grunewald, RA A1 - Kanazawa, O A1 - Koutroumanidis, M A1 - Lada, C A1 - Livingston, JH A1 - Nicotra, A A1 - Oguni, H A1 - Martinovic, Z A1 - Nordli, DR A1 - Parisi, P A1 - Scott, RC A1 - Specchio, N A1 - Verrotti, A A1 - Vigevano, F A1 - Walker, MC A1 - Watanabe, K A1 - Yoshinaga, H A1 - Panayiotopoulos, CP J1 - EPILEPSIA Y1 - 2007/06// VL - 48 SN - 0013-9580 SP - 1165 EP - 1172 N2 - Purpose: To discuss and propose a definition of autonomic status epilepticus (SE), describe its clinical and EEG features, and review what is known about its epidemiology, pathophysiology, differential diagnosis, and management.Methods: An international consortium of established researchers in the field was identified from their published work, agreed the purpose of the project, searched the literature, and, by use of e-mail communication, agreed the consensus document.Results: Autonomic SE is a condition lasting at least 30 min and characterized by epileptic activity causing altered autonomic function of any type at seizure onset or in which manifestations consistent with altered autonomic function are prominent (quantitatively dominant or clinically important) even if not present at seizure onset. It is best described, and probably most commonly encountered in children, with Panayiotopoulos syndrome. However, it also occurs in children with symptomatic epilepsies and, exceptionally, in adults. Its pathogenesis and most appropriate management are poorly understoodConclusions: It is hoped that this document will help clinical recognition of Autonomic SE, reduce misdiagnosis, and promote further interest and studies into what has been a relatively neglected area. ER - TY - JFULL T1 - STN stimulation alters pallidal-frontal coupling during response selection under competition A1 - Thobois, S A1 - Hotton, GR A1 - Pinto, S A1 - Wilkinson, L A1 - Limousin-Dowsey, P A1 - Brooks, DJ A1 - Jahanshahi, M J1 - J CEREBR BLOOD F MET Y1 - 2007/06// VL - 27 SN - 0271-678X SP - 1173 EP - 1184 N2 - To investigate the effects of bilateral subthalamic nucleus (STN) stimulation on patterns of brain activation during random number generation (RNG), a task that requires suppression of habitual counting and response selection under competition. We used (H2O)-O-15 positron emission tomography to investigate the changes of regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) induced by bilateral STN stimulation during a RNG task, in six patients with Parkinson's disease. Paced RNG at 1Hz was compared with a control counting task. Both tasks were performed off medication with deep brain stimulation on and off. Subthalamic nucleus stimulation had a negative effect on performance of fast-paced RNG, leading to reduced randomness and increased habitual counting. Subthalamic nucleus stimulation also induced a reduction of rCBF in the left dorsal frontal gyrus, inferior frontal gyrus, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, posterior and right anterior cingulate, and an increase of rCBF in the right internal globus pallidum (GPi) during RNG. Stimulation of the STN significantly altered pallidal coupling with frontal and temporal areas compared with when the stimulators were off. In conclusion, during RNG: (i) STN stimulation activates its output neurons to the GPi; (ii) STN stimulation induces increased inhibition of a prefrontal-cingulate network. This is the first direct evidence that STN stimulation significantly alters pallidal coupling with prefrontal, cingulate, and temporal cortices during performance of a task that requires response selection under competition. ER - TY - JFULL T1 - Naturalistic follow-up of co-morbid substance use in schizophrenia: the West London first-episode study. A1 - Harrison, I A1 - Joyce, EM A1 - Mutsatsa, SH A1 - Hutton, SB A1 - Huddy, V A1 - Kapasi, M A1 - Barnes, TR J1 - Psychol Med Y1 - 2007/05/29/ SN - 0033-2917 SP - 1 EP - 10 N2 - Background. The impact of co-morbid substance use in first-episode schizophrenia has not been fully explored.Method. This naturalistic follow-up of a cohort of 152 people with first-episode schizophrenia examined substance use and clinical outcome in terms of symptoms and social and neuropsychological function.Results. Data were collected on 85 (56%) of the patient cohort after a median period of 14 months. Over the follow-up period, the proportion of smokers rose from 60% at baseline to 64%. While 30% reported lifetime problem drinking of alcohol at baseline, only 15% had problem drinking at follow-up. Furthermore, while at baseline 63% reported lifetime cannabis use and 32% were currently using the drug, by the follow-up assessment the latter figure had fallen to 18.5%. At follow-up, persistent substance users had significantly more severe positive and depressive symptoms and greater overall severity of illness. A report of no lifetime substance use at baseline was associated with greater improvement in spatial working memory (SWM) at follow-up.Conclusions. Past substance use may impede recovery of SWM performance in people with schizophrenia in the year or so following first presentation to psychiatric services. The prevalence of substance use other than tobacco tends to diminish over this period, in the absence of specific interventions. Persistent substance use in first-episode schizophrenia is associated with more severe positive and depressive symptoms but not negative symptoms, and should be a target for specific treatment intervention. L1 - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17532864&query_hl=1 ER - TY - JFULL T1 - The lack of expression of the peripheral benzodiazepine receptor characterises microglial response in anaplastic astrocytomas. A1 - Takaya, S A1 - Hashikawa, K A1 - Turkheimer, FE A1 - Mottram, N A1 - Deprez, M A1 - Ishizu, K A1 - Kawashima, H A1 - Akiyama, H A1 - Fukuyama, H A1 - Banati, RB A1 - Roncaroli, F J1 - J Neurooncol Y1 - 2007/05/23/ SN - 0167-594X N2 - The peripheral benzodiazepine receptor (PBR) is a 18 kDa molecule mainly involved in cholesterol transport through the mitochondrial membrane. In microglia, PBR is expressed from the earliest stages of activation and appears to exert a pro-inflammatory function. This molecule is commonly up-regulated in inflammatory, degenerative, infective and ischaemic lesions of the central nervous system but it has never been reported in glioma-infiltrating microglia. We examined two anaplastic astrocytomas showing minimal contrast-enhancement and therefore little damage of the blood brain barrier to minimise the presence of blood borne macrophages within tumour tissue. The two lesions were studied in vivo using positron emission tomography (PET) with the specific PBR ligand [(11)C](R)-PK11195 and the corresponding tumour tissue was investigated with an anti-PBR antibody. Glioma-infiltrating microglia were characterised for molecules involved in antigen presentation and cytotoxic activity. As comparison, PBR was investigated in three brains with multiple sclerosis (MS) and three with Parkinson's disease (PD). The expression profile of four anaplastic astrocytomas was also exploited and results were compared to the profile of eleven samples of normal temporal lobe and nine cases of PD. PET studies showed that [(11)C](R)-PK11195 binding was markedly lower in tumours than in the contralateral grey matter. Pathological investigation revealed that glioma-infiltrating microglia failed to express PBR and cytotoxic molecules although some cells still expressed antigen presenting molecules. PBR and cytotoxic molecules were highly represented in MS and PD. Evaluation of microarray datasets confirmed these differences. Our results demonstrated PBR suppression in glioma-infiltrating microglia and suggested that PBR may have a relevant role in modulating the anti-tumour inflammatory response in astrocytic tumours. L1 - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17520179&query_hl=1 ER - TY - JFULL T1 - Discordant white matter N-acetylasparate and diffusion MRI measures suggest that chronic metabolic dysfunction contributes to axonal pathology in multiple sclerosis. A1 - Cader, S A1 - Johansen-Berg, H A1 - Wylezinska, M A1 - Palace, J A1 - Behrens, TE A1 - Smith, S A1 - Matthews, PM J1 - Neuroimage Y1 - 2007/05/15/ VL - 36 SN - 1053-8119 SP - 19 EP - 27 N2 - Diffusion MRI and magnetic resonance spectroscopic measurements of selectively neuronally localised N-acetylaspartate (NAA) both have been used widely to assess white matter integrity and axonal loss. We have tested directly the relationship between changes in diffusion MRI parameters and NAA concentrations in the corpus callosum (CC) in an in vivo study of patients with MS. Fifteen MS patients (median EDSS 2.5, range 1-4) were studied with T(1) anatomical, T(2)-weighted, and diffusion-sensitised MRI and PRESS single-voxel MRS. A recently described method, tract-based spatial statistics (TBSS) [Smith, S.M., Jenkinson, M., Johansen-Berg, H., Rueckert, D., Nichols, T.E., Mackay, C.E. et al., 2006. Tract-based spatial statistics: voxelwise analysis of multi-subject diffusion data. Neuroimage 31, 1487-1505] also was used to perform exploratory voxelwise whole-brain analysis of white matter diffusion fractional anisotropy (FA). We found a strong correlation between callosal size and both mean FA (r=0.68, p<0.005) (related specifically to changes in the radial tensor component) and mean inter-hemispheric motor tract connectivity probability (r=0.74, p<0.001). TBSS confirmed that the diffusion anisotropies of white matter voxels specifically within the callosum were correlated with the callosal size. Individual patient global T(2) lesion volumes were correlated with both the probability of callosal connectivity (r=-0.69, p<0.005) and fractional anisotropy across the callosum (r=-0.76, p<0.001). However, absolute concentrations of NAA from the voxel showed no correlation with callosal cross-sectional area, mean connectivity or fractional anisotropy within the callosal pathway. We conclude that diffusion MRI shows changes consistent with sensitivity to axonal loss, but that relative NAA changes are not necessarily related directly to this. Axonal metabolic function, independent of structural integrity, may be a major determinant of NAA measures in MS. L1 - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17398118&query_hl=1 ER - TY - JFULL T1 - Automatic detection and quantification of hippocampal atrophy on MRI in temporal lobe epilepsy: a proof-of-principle study. A1 - Hammers, A A1 - Heckemann, R A1 - Koepp, MJ A1 - Duncan, JS A1 - Hajnal, JV A1 - Rueckert, D A1 - Aljabar, P J1 - Neuroimage Y1 - 2007/05/15/ VL - 36 SN - 1053-8119 SP - 38 EP - 47 N2 - In temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), hippocampal atrophy (HA) is a marker of poor prognosis regarding seizure remission, but predicts success of anterior temporal lobe resection. Manual quantification of HA on MRI is time-consuming and limited by investigator availability. Normal ranges of hippocampal volumes, both in absolute terms and relative to intracranial volume, and of hippocampal asymmetry were defined using an automatic label propagation and decision fusion technique based on thirty manually derived atlases of healthy controls. Manual test-retest reliability and overlaps of automatically and manually determined hippocampal volumes were quantified with similarity indices (SIs). Correct clinical identification of ipsilateral HA, and contralaterally normal hippocampal volumes, was determined in nine patients with histologically confirmed hippocampal sclerosis in terms of volumes and asymmetry indices (AIs) for standard statistical thresholds and with receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. Manual test-retest reliability was very high, with SIs between 0.87 and 0.90. Manual and automatic hippocampus labels overlapped with a SI of 0.83 on the unaffected but with 0.76 on the atrophic side. Accuracy was higher for less atrophic hippocampi. The automatic method correctly identified 6/9 HAs in terms of absolute volume, 7/9 in terms of relative volume at a standard 2 SD threshold, and 9/9 for AIs. ROC-determined thresholds allowed clinically desirable correct identification of all HAs (100% sensitivity) with 85-100% specificity for volumes, and 100% specificity for AIs. The method has the potential to automatically detect unilateral HA, but further work is needed to determine its performance in detecting clinically important bilateral disease. L1 - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17428687&query_hl=1 ER - TY - JFULL T1 - A systematic comparison of kinetic modelling methods generating parametric maps for [(11)C]-(R)-PK11195. A1 - Anderson, AN A1 - Pavese, N A1 - Edison, P A1 - Tai, YF A1 - Hammers, A A1 - Gerhard, A A1 - Brooks, DJ A1 - Turkheimer, FE J1 - Neuroimage Y1 - 2007/05/15/ VL - 36 SN - 1053-8119 SP - 28 EP - 37 N2 - [(11)C]-(R)-PK11195 is presently the most widely used radiotracer for the monitoring of microglia activity in the central nervous system (CNS). Microglia, the resident immune cells of the brain, play a critical role in acute and chronic diseases of the central nervous system and in host defence against neoplasia. The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the reliability and sensitivity of five kinetic modelling methods for the formation of parametric maps from dynamic [(11)C]-(R)-PK11195 studies. The methods we tested were the simplified reference tissue model (SRTM), basis pursuit, a simple target-to-reference ratio, the Logan plot and a wavelet based Logan plot. For the reliability assessment, the test-retest data consisted of four Alzheimer's patients that were scanned twice at approximately a six-week interval. For the sensitivity assessment, comparison of [(11)C]-(R)-PK11195 binding in Huntington's disease (HD) patients and normal subjects was performed using a group contrast to localize significant increases in mean pixel volume of distribution (VD) in HD. In all instances, a reference region kinetic extracted by a supervised clustering technique was used as input function. Reliability was assessed by use of the intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) across a wide set of anatomical regions and it was found that the wavelet-based Logan plot, basis pursuit and SRTM gave the highest ICC values on average. The same methods produced the highest z-scores resulting from increases in mean striatal VD in HD patients compared with controls. The reference-to-target ratio and the Logan graphical approach were significantly less reliable and less sensitive. L1 - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17398120&query_hl=1 ER - TY - JFULL T1 - Improvement and decline of cognitive function in schizophrenia over one year: a longitudinal investigation using latent growth modelling A1 - Barnett, JH A1 - Croudace, TJ A1 - Jaycock, S A1 - Blackwell, C A1 - Hynes, F A1 - Sahakian, BJ A1 - Joyce, EM A1 - Jones, PB J1 - BMC PSYCHIATRY Y1 - 2007/05/09/ VL - 7 N2 - Background: Long-term follow-up studies of people with schizophrenia report stability of cognitive performance; less is known about any shorter-term changes in cognitive function.Methods: This longitudinal study aimed to establish whether there was stability, improvement or decline in memory and executive functions over four assessments undertaken prospectively in one year. Cognitive performance was assessed during randomized controlled trials of first- and second-generation antipsychotic medication. Analyses used a latent growth modeling approach, so that individuals who missed some testing occasions could be included and trajectories of cognitive change explored despite missing data.Results: Over the year there was significant decline in spatial recognition but no change in pattern recognition or motor speed. Improvement was seen in planning and spatial working memory tasks; this may reflect improved strategy use with practice. There were significant individual differences in the initial level of performance on all tasks but not in rate of change; the latter may have been due to sample size limitations. Age, sex, premorbid IQ and drug class allocation explained significant variation in level of performance but could not predict change. Patients randomized to first-generation drugs improved more quickly than other groups on the planning task.Conclusion: We conclude that cognitive change is present in schizophrenia but the magnitude of change is small when compared with the large differences in cognitive function that exist between patients. Analyses that retain patients who drop out of longitudinal studies, as well as those who complete testing protocols, are important to our understanding of cognition in schizophrenia. ER - TY - JFULL T1 - A UK Audit of Screening for the Metabolic Side Effects of Antipsychotics in Community Patients. A1 - Barnes, TR A1 - Paton, C A1 - Cavanagh, MR A1 - Hancock, E A1 - Taylor, DM J1 - Schizophr Bull Y1 - 2007/05/04/ SN - 0586-7614 N2 - Reviews of the association between psychotic disorder, the metabolic syndrome, diabetes, and antipsychotic drugs conclude that there is a need for active, routine physical health screening of patients' prescribed antipsychotic drugs. From published guidelines, we derived the audit standard that all such patients should, as a minimum, have their blood pressure, body mass index (BMI) (or other measure of obesity such as waist circumference), blood glucose (or HbA(1c)), and plasma lipids measured at least once a year. We conducted an audit of the clinical records of 1966 eligible patients under the care of 48 multidisciplinary, assertive outreach clinical teams in 21 mental health services across the United Kingdom. This revealed a recorded measurement within the previous year for blood pressure in 26% of the patients, obesity in 17%, blood glucose (or HbA(1c)) in 28% and plasma lipids in 22%, with all 4 measures documented in 11%. In the total national sample, 6% had a documented diagnosis of diabetes, 6% hypertension, and 6% dyslipidemia. Extrapolating from the prevalence of these disorders in similar populations suggests that for every patient with a known diagnosis of diabetes, another had not been recognized, for every known case of hypertension, 4 had been missed, and for every known case of dyslipidemia, 7 had been missed. The responses of the clinical teams to a questionnaire yielded information on obstacles to screening in routine practice, revealing uncertainty about whose responsibility this was, a lack of confidence about the interpretation of abnormal screening results, and limited access to basic equipment. L1 - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17483101&query_hl=1 ER - TY - JFULL T1 - Altered memory and affective instability in prisoners assessed for dangerous and severe personality disorder. A1 - Kirkpatrick, T A1 - Joyce, E A1 - Milton, J A1 - Duggan, C A1 - Tyrer, P A1 - Rogers, RD J1 - Br J Psychiatry Suppl Y1 - 2007/05// VL - 49 SN - 0960-5371 SP - s20 EP - s26 N2 - BACKGROUND: Previous studies of borderline personality disorder report neuropsychological impairments in several domains, including memory. No studies have compared memory functioning in high-risk prisoners with borderline personality disorder with similar prisoners with other personality disorders. AIMS: To explore mnemonic impairments in prisoners undergoing personality assessment as part of the dangerous and severe personality disorder initiative or detained in a medium secure facility. METHOD: We investigated memory function in 18 prisoners with borderline personality disorder and 18 prisoners with other personality disorders. RESULTS: Prisoners with borderline personality disorder exhibited a pattern of multi-modal impairments in the immediate and delayed recall of verbal and visual information, with some association with affective instability. These deficits were not associated with the severity of personality disturbance. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that memory deficits have some specificity in relation to the constituent traits of borderline personality disorder and indicate that neuropsychological assessment may be a source of useful adjunctive information for distinguishing between the cognitive and psychological difficulties of individual prisoners. L1 - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17470938&query_hl=1 ER - TY - JFULL T1 - Hsp27 overexpression in the R6/2 mouse model of Huntington's disease: chronic neurodegeneration does not induce Hsp27 activation. A1 - Zourlidou, A A1 - Gidalevitz, T A1 - Kristiansen, M A1 - Landles, C A1 - Woodman, B A1 - Wells, DJ A1 - Latchman, DS A1 - de Belleroche, J A1 - Tabrizi, SJ A1 - Morimoto, RI A1 - Bates, GP J1 - Hum Mol Genet Y1 - 2007/05/01/ VL - 16 SN - 0964-6906 SP - 1078 EP - 1090 N2 - Huntington's disease (HD) is caused by an expanded polyglutamine tract in the huntingtin protein. Mitochondrial dysfunction and free radical damage occur in both R6/2 mice and HD patient brains and might play a role in disease pathogenesis. In cell culture systems, heat-shock protein 27 (Hsp27), a small molecular chaperone, suppresses mutant huntingtin-induced reactive oxygen species formation and cell death. To investigate this in vivo, we conducted an extensive phenotypic characterization of mice arising from a cross between R6/2 mice and Hsp27 transgenic mice but did not observe an improvement of the R6/2 phenotype. Hsp27 overexpression had no effect in reducing oxidative stress in the R6/2 brain, assessed by measuring striatal aconitase activity and protein carbonylation levels. Native protein gel analysis revealed that transgenic Hsp27 forms active, large oligomeric species in heat-shocked brain lysates, demonstrating that it is efficiently activated upon stress. In contrast, Hsp27 in double transgenic brains exists predominantly as a low molecular weight, inactive species. This suggests that Hsp27, which is otherwise activatable upon heat shock, remains inactive in the R6/2 model of chronic neurodegeneration. Hsp27 transgenics had been previously shown to be protected from acute stresses such as kainate administration, ischemia/reperfusion heart injury and neonatal nerve injury. Our study is the first to suggest a differential modulation of Hsp27 activation in vivo and, importantly, it illustrates the diverse effect of Hsp27 on acute versus chronic models of disease. L1 - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17360721&query_hl=1 ER - TY - JFULL T1 - Questionnaire ratings of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adults are associated with spatial working memory. A1 - Dowson, JH A1 - Blackwell, AD A1 - Turner, DC A1 - Harvey, E A1 - Malhotra, T A1 - Robbins, TW A1 - Sahakian, BJ J1 - Eur Psychiatry Y1 - 2007/05// VL - 22 SN - 0924-9338 SP - 256 EP - 263 N2 - OBJECTIVE: Data related to brain function may have the potential to improve the reliability and validity of assessments for the aetiologically and clinically heterogeneous syndrome of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). This study investigated associations between questionnaire assessments of behavioural features of adults with ADHD and an aspect of neurocognitive performance which has been reported to be impaired in adults with ADHD. METHODS: Fifty-nine adult patients with a DSM-IV diagnosis of ADHD, and their informants, completed questionnaires related to aspects of severity of ADHD. Associations were examined between questionnaire ratings and performance on a computer-administered task of spatial working memory (SWM). RESULTS: Correlations between ratings of ADHD and SWM indicated moderate but significant correlations for patients' ratings, but not for informants' ratings. Also, patients who reported a past history of 'self-harm' (N=33) had a significantly worse mean performance on both measures of SWM (p=0.004, 0.003). CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate that aspects of impulsivity, i.e. self-ratings of 'emotive' behaviour (involving rapid response to stimuli and marked reactivity of mood) and of past 'self-harm', show relatively strong associations with SWM performance in adults selected on the basis of an ADHD diagnosis. A profile of neurocognitive performances may have a role in the assessment of ADHD. L1 - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17141483&query_hl=1 ER - TY - JFULL T1 - An agitation of contrary opinions A1 - Tyrer, P J1 - BRIT J PSYCHIAT Y1 - 2007/05// VL - 190 SN - 0007-1250 SP - S1 EP - S2 N2 - Those people who are dangerous often have personality disorders. Should these individuals be dealt with by criminal justice or mental health services? England (note not Scotland) has taken the mental health route with the Dangerous and Severe Personality Disorder Programme. Is this bold move wise or foolish? To answer this question we have both evidence and opinion - neither is conclusive. ER - TY - JFULL T1 - Rapid hyperspectral fluorescence lifetime imaging. A1 - De Beule, P A1 - Owen, DM A1 - Manning, HB A1 - Talbot, CB A1 - Requejo-Isidro, J A1 - Dunsby, C A1 - McGinty, J A1 - Benninger, RK A1 - Elson, DS A1 - Munro, I A1 - John Lever, M A1 - Anand, P A1 - Neil, MA A1 - French, PM J1 - Microsc Res Tech Y1 - 2007/05// VL - 70 SN - 1059-910X SP - 481 EP - 484 N2 - We report a rapid hyperspectral fluorescence lifetime imaging (FLIM) instrument that exploits high-speed FLIM technology in a line-scanning microscope. We demonstrate the acquisition of whole-field optically sectioned hyperspectral fluorescence lifetime image stacks (with 32 spectral bins) in less than 40 s and illustrate its application to unstained biological tissue. L1 - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17366615&query_hl=1 ER - TY - JFULL T1 - Middle meningeal artery hemorrhage: An incorrect name A1 - Fishpool, SJC A1 - Suren, N A1 - Roncaroli, F A1 - Ellis, H J1 - CLIN ANAT Y1 - 2007/05// VL - 20 SN - 0897-3806 SP - 371 EP - 375 N2 - Extradural hemorrhage is most commonly assumed to result from a middle meningeal artery rupture. This article challenges that assumption. The meningeal vasculature of 29 cadaveric specimens was examined macroscopically and microscopically at the level of the greater wing of the sphenoid bone and foramen spinosum. It was observed that the middle meningeal artery is accompanied by a pair of dural sinuses throughout the majority of its course, thus making exclusively arterial rupture an anatomical improbability. Furthermore, as these dural sinuses pass caudally through the foramen spinosum with the middle meningeal artery, they were seen to diverge to form a plexiform arrangement around the artery. This has not been reported before. ER - TY - JFULL T1 - Pro-eating disorder websites: users' opinions. A1 - Csipke, E A1 - Horne, O J1 - Eur Eat Disord Rev Y1 - 2007/05// VL - 15 SN - 1099-0968 SP - 196 EP - 206 N2 - The phenomenon of 'pro-eating disorder' websites remains relatively unexplored by researchers in published formats. Supporters of the sites claim beneficial effects but health professionals worry that the sites propagate disordered behaviours. The present study addressed visitor characteristics and perceived impact of visits. A 24-item questionnaire supplemented with the Eating Attitudes Test-26 (EAT-26) was developed and posted on the website of the UK mental health charity SANE. Participants who interacted with others on the sites and sought emotional support reported improved mental state after visiting, and for them, evidence was found of reduced impact from potentially damaging content. 'Silent browsing' in order to sustain a disorder was found to be mainly harmful. 'Silent browsers' may be particularly vulnerable to a worsening of their symptoms in the absence of beneficial effects from emotional support, but those who interact and find support could face a danger of a different sort. L1 - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17676689&query_hl=1 ER - TY - JFULL T1 - Dangerous and severe personality disorder: antecedents and origins A1 - Maden, A J1 - BRIT J PSYCHIAT Y1 - 2007/05// VL - 190 SN - 0007-1250 SP - S8 EP - S11 N2 - The origins of the Dangerous and Severe Pesonality Disorder (DSPD) Programme can be traced to developments in structured assessment and services for the cognitive-behavioural treatment of sexual and violent offenders in other countries. A comparison with these other services highlights the strengths and weaknesses of DSPD. The decision to use a medical model raises ethical and financial questions that may jeopardise the Programme's future. ER - TY - JFULL T1 - Stem/progenitor cell-like properties of desmoglein 3dim cells in primary and immortalized keratinocyte lines. A1 - Wan, H A1 - Yuan, M A1 - Simpson, C A1 - Allen, K A1 - Gavins, FN A1 - Ikram, MS A1 - Basu, S A1 - Baksh, N A1 - O'Toole, EA A1 - Hart, IR J1 - Stem Cells Y1 - 2007/05// VL - 25 SN - 1066-5099 SP - 1286 EP - 1297 N2 - We showed previously that primary keratinocytes selected for low desmoglein 3 (Dsg3) expression levels exhibited increased colony-forming efficiency and heightened proliferative potential relative to cells with higher Dsg3 expression levels, characteristics consistent with a more "stem/progenitor cell-like" phenotype. Here, we have confirmed that Dsg3(dim) cells derived from cultured primary human adult keratinocytes have comparability with alpha(6)(bri)/CD71(dim) stem cells in terms of colony-forming efficiency. Moreover, these Dsg3(dim) cells exhibit increased reconstituting ability in in vitro organotypic culture on de-epidermalized dermis (DED); they are small, actively cycling cells, and they express elevated levels of various p63 isoforms. In parallel, using the two immortalized keratinocyte cell lines HaCaT and NTERT, we obtained essentially similar though occasionally different findings. Thus, reduced colony-forming efficiency by Dsg3(bri) cells consistently was observed in both cell lines even though the cell cycle profile and levels of p63 isoforms in the bri and dim populations differed between these two cell lines. Dsg3(dim) cells from both immortalized lines produced thicker and better ordered hierarchical structural organization of reconstituted epidermis relative to Dsg3(bri) and sorted control cells. Dsg3(dim) HaCaT cells also show sebocyte-like differentiation in the basal compartment of skin reconstituted after a 4-week organotypic culture. No differences in percentages of side population cells (also a putative marker of stem cells) were detected between Dsg3(dim) and Dsg3(bri) populations. Taken together our data indicate that Dsg3(dim) populations from primary human adult keratinocytes and long-term established keratinocyte lines possess certain stem/progenitor cell-like properties, although the side population characteristic is not one of these features. Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article. L1 - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17255524&query_hl=1 ER - TY - JFULL T1 - Intervention following deliberate self-harm: enough evidence to act? A1 - Crawford, MJ A1 - Kumar, P J1 - Evid Based Ment Health Y1 - 2007/05// VL - 10 SN - 1362-0347 SP - 37 EP - 39 L1 - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17459970&query_hl=1 ER - TY - JFULL T1 - Apparent diffusion coefficient changes and lesion evolution in Balo's type demyelination-correlation with histopathology. A1 - Ball, T A1 - Malik, O A1 - Roncaroli, F A1 - Quest, RA A1 - Aviv, RI J1 - Clin Radiol Y1 - 2007/05// VL - 62 SN - 0009-9260 SP - 498 EP - 503 L1 - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17398278&query_hl=1 ER - TY - JFULL T1 - Critical developments in the assessment of personality disorder. A1 - Tyrer, P A1 - Coombs, N A1 - Ibrahimi, F A1 - Mathilakath, A A1 - Bajaj, P A1 - Ranger, M A1 - Rao, B A1 - Din, R J1 - Br J Psychiatry Suppl Y1 - 2007/05// VL - 49 SN - 0960-5371 SP - s51 EP - s59 N2 - BACKGROUND: The assessment of personality disorder is currently inaccurate, largely unreliable, frequently wrong and in need of improvement. AIMS: To describe the errors inherent in the current systems and to indicate recent ways of improving personality assessment. METHOD: Historical review, description of recent developments, including temporal stability, and of studies using document-derived assessment. RESULTS: Studies of interrater agreement and accuracy of diagnosis in complex patients with independently established personality status using document-derived assessment (PAS-DOC) with a four personality cluster classification, showed very good agreement between raters for the flamboyant cluster B group of personalities, generally good agreement for the anxious/dependent cluster C group and inhibited (obsessional) cluster D group, but only fair agreement for the withdrawn cluster A group. Overall diagnostic accuracy was 71%. CONCLUSIONS: Personality function or diathesis, a fluctuating state, is a better description than personality disorder. The best form of assessment is one that uses longitudinal repeated measures using a four-dimensional system. L1 - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17470943&query_hl=1 ER - TY - JFULL T1 - A cross-cultural study of psychosocial aspects of sickle cell disease in the UK and Nigeria. A1 - Anie, KA A1 - Dasgupta, T A1 - Ezenduka, P A1 - Anarado, A A1 - Emodi, I J1 - Psychol Health Med Y1 - 2007/05// VL - 12 SN - 1354-8506 SP - 299 EP - 304 N2 - Pain experience, health service utilization and psychological coping in adult patients with sickle cell disease were compared cross-culturally between the UK and Nigeria. Patients in the UK experienced a significantly greater number of pain episodes and of longer duration, with more frequent visits to accident and emergency departments compared with those in Nigeria. The Nigerian patients, on the other hand, applied more psychologically active coping strategies such as distraction to deal with their sickle cell pain in the community. These significant differences are explained in relation to external health locus of control factors including beliefs, and the cost of healthcare in relation to the use of health services. Clinical implications of these findings are also considered. L1 - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17510899&query_hl=1 ER - TY - JFULL T1 - Increased NKCC1 expression in refractory human epilepsy A1 - Sen, A A1 - Martinian, L A1 - Nikolic, M A1 - Walker, MC A1 - Thom, M A1 - Sisodiya, SM J1 - EPILEPSY RES Y1 - 2007/05// VL - 74 SN - 0920-1211 SP - 220 EP - 227 N2 - Cation-chloride co-transporters; (CCTs), particularly NKCC1, may be important in epileptogenesis. We have performed a detailed histological examination of NKCC1 in large samples of patients with hippocampal sclerosis (HS) or focal cortical dysplasia (FCD), pathologies both commonly associated with pharmacoresistant epilepsy. We consistently found increased immunoreactivity for NKCC1 in HS and FCD, but not in adjacent histologically normal cortex. Our results suggest that NKCC1 might contribute to the pathogenesis or pathophysiology of HS and FCD, thereby potentially offering a new therapeutic target in the treatment of pharmacoresistant epilepsy. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. ER - TY - JFULL T1 - The genetics of aspirin resistance. A1 - Goodman, T A1 - Sharma, P A1 - Ferro, A J1 - Int J Clin Pract Y1 - 2007/05// VL - 61 SN - 1368-5031 SP - 826 EP - 834 N2 - Aspirin is widely used for the prophylaxis of cardiovascular events in patients with cardiovascular risk factors or established atherosclerotic disease. However, despite aspirin treatment, a substantial number of patients experience recurrent events. Such 'aspirin resistance' is generally defined as failure of aspirin to produce an expected biological response, for example inhibition of platelet aggregation or of thromboxane A2 synthesis. Whilst its aetiology is multifactorial, genetic factors are also likely to play their part. Here we review the evidence for and against such a genetic contribution, as well as the data suggesting the involvement of specific genes. L1 - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17391325&query_hl=1 ER - TY - JFULL T1 - Comparison of alternative methods of collection of service use data for the economic evaluation of health care interventions. A1 - Byford, S A1 - Leese, M A1 - Knapp, M A1 - Seivewright, H A1 - Cameron, S A1 - Jones, V A1 - Davidson, K A1 - Tyrer, P J1 - Health Econ Y1 - 2007/05// VL - 16 SN - 1057-9230 SP - 531 EP - 536 N2 - Economic evaluation of health care interventions usually requires the collection of service use data to estimate the total cost of participants in an evaluation. There are a number of methods available to measure the quantity of services used but little is known about the relative accuracy of alternative methods. In a multicentre randomised controlled trial of interventions for the treatment of adults with recurrent episodes of deliberate self-harm (the POPMACT trial), health service data were collected by patient self-report after six and twelve months and also from GP records by independent investigators. Agreement for overall costs was relatively high. However, this hides substantial variation in agreement between the two sources of information for different services. The results suggest that GP records provide more accurate data on the use of general practice-based contacts than patient report, but less reliable information on contacts with other health services. Thus reliance on GP records for data on hospital services and other community health services based outside of general practice surgeries is not recommended. Future research should explore the level of agreement between patient report and other providing sector records, such as hospital records. L1 - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17001749&query_hl=1 ER - TY - JFULL T1 - Imaging microglial activation in Huntington's disease. A1 - Tai, YF A1 - Pavese, N A1 - Gerhard, A A1 - Tabrizi, SJ A1 - Barker, RA A1 - Brooks, DJ A1 - Piccini, P J1 - Brain Res Bull Y1 - 2007/04/30/ VL - 72 SN - 0361-9230 SP - 148 EP - 151 N2 - Activated microglia have been proposed to play a major role in the pathogenesis of Huntington's Disease (HD). PK11195 is a ligand which binds selectively to peripheral benzodiazepine binding sites, a type of receptor selectively expressed by activated microglia in the central nervous system. Using (11)C-(R)-PK11195 positron emission tomography (PET), we have recently shown in vivo evidence of increased microglial activation in both symptomatic and presymptomatic HD gene carriers and that the degree of microglial activation in the striatum correlates with the severity of striatal dopamine D2 receptor dysfunction measured with (11)C-raclopride PET. Our findings indicate that microglial activation is an early process in the HD pathology, occurring before the onset of symptoms. The close spatial and temporal relationship between microglial activation and neuronal dysfunction lends further support to the pathogenic link between the two processes in HD. Further longitudinal studies are needed to fully elucidate this link. L1 - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17352938&query_hl=1 ER - TY - JFULL T1 - Spinal projection of spindle afferents of the longissimus lumborum muscles of the cat. A1 - Durbaba, R A1 - Taylor, A A1 - Ellaway, PH A1 - Rawlinson, S J1 - J Physiol Y1 - 2007/04/15/ VL - 580 SN - 0022-3751 SP - 659 EP - 675 N2 - The connections and monosynaptic projections of muscle spindle afferents of individual heads of the longissimus lumborum have been studied in cats by natural stimulation, by electrical stimulation and by spike-triggered averaging from single identified afferents. The spindle afferents were classified by sensitivity to vibration and by the effect of succinylcholine on their response to ramp-and-hold muscle stretches. Axonal conduction and synaptic effects were recorded as field potentials and focal synaptic potentials during systematic exploration of the spinal cord in segments L1 to L4 with extracellular metal microelectrodes, singly and in linear arrays. Ascending branches of afferent axons within the cord had a significantly higher mean conduction velocity (CV: 56.5 m s(-1)) than descending branches (40.8 m s(-1)). The CV of ascending branches was significantly positively correlated with a measure of the strength of intrafusal bag(2) muscle fibre contacts, but not to a measure of bag(1) contacts. Two sites of monosynaptic excitatory projection in the cord were identified, namely to the intermediate region (laminae V, VI and VII) and to ventral horn region (laminae VIII and IX). In tests of 154 single afferents, signs of central projection were detected for 60, providing 122 regions of maximum negative focal synaptic potentials (FSPs) of mean amplitude 7.51 microV. Their longitudinal spacing indicated that axons gave off descending collaterals at intervals of 1.5-3.5 mm. Based on the amplitude of FSPs, the projection of secondary afferents is stronger than that of primaries in the intermediate region and possibly also in the ventral horn region. Evidence is also presented that spindle afferent input from different heads of the longissimus converges into any given spinal segment and that input in one spinal root projects to adjacent segments. It is concluded that the organization of the longissimus monosynaptic spindle input favours relatively tonic and diffuse stretch reflexes. L1 - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17255163&query_hl=1 ER - TY - JFULL T1 - Institutional racism - Editorial is unduly provocative A1 - Ani, C A1 - Ani, O J1 - BRIT MED J Y1 - 2007/04/14/ VL - 334 SN - 0959-8146 SP - 761 EP - 761 ER - TY - JFULL T1 - Cortical 5-HT1A receptor binding in patients with homozygous D90A SOD1 vs sporadic ALS A1 - Turner, MR A1 - Rabiner, EA A1 - Al-Chalabi, A A1 - Shaw, CE A1 - Brooks, DJ A1 - Leigh, PN A1 - Andersen, PM J1 - NEUROLOGY Y1 - 2007/04/10/ VL - 68 SN - 0028-3878 SP - 1233 EP - 1235 ER - TY - JFULL T1 - Upregulation of opioid receptor binding following spontaneous epileptic seizures. A1 - Hammers, A A1 - Asselin, MC A1 - Hinz, R A1 - Kitchen, I A1 - Brooks, DJ A1 - Duncan, JS A1 - Koepp, MJ J1 - Brain Y1 - 2007/04// VL - 130 SN - 1460-2156 SP - 1009 EP - 1016 N2 - Animal and limited human data suggest an important anticonvulsant role for opioid peptides and their receptors. We aimed to provide direct human in vivo evidence for changes in opioid receptor availability following spontaneous seizures. We scanned nine patients within hours of spontaneous temporal lobe seizures and compared their postictal binding of the non-subtype selective opioid receptor PET radioligand [11C]diprenorphine (DPN), quantified as a volume-of-distribution (VD), with interictal binding and with binding changes in 14 healthy controls, controlling for a range of behavioural variables associated with opioid action. A regionally specific increase of opioid receptor availability was evident in the temporal pole and fusiform gyrus ipsilateral to the seizure focus following seizures (Z 5.01, P < 0.001, 16 432 mm3). Within this region, there was a negative correlation between VD and log10 time since last seizure (r = -0.53, P < 0.03), compatible with an early increase and gradual return to baseline. [11C]DPN VD did not undergo systematic changes between time points in controls. This study provides direct human in vivo evidence for changes in opioid receptor availability over a time course of hours following spontaneous seizures, emphasizing an important role of the opioid system in seizure control. L1 - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17301080&query_hl=1 ER - TY - JFULL T1 - The DnaJ/HSP40 chaperone family: involvement in Parkinson's disease A1 - Durrenberger, PF A1 - Filiou, MD A1 - Moran, LB A1 - Pearce, RKB A1 - Graeber, MB J1 - NEUROPATH APPL NEURO Y1 - 2007/04// VL - 33 SN - 0305-1846 SP - 255 EP - 256 ER - TY - JFULL T1 - Expression profiling in Alzheimer's disease A1 - Gentleman, SM J1 - NEUROPATH APPL NEURO Y1 - 2007/04// VL - 33 SN - 0305-1846 SP - 251 EP - 252 ER - TY - JFULL T1 - The medial and lateral substantia nigra in Parkinson's disease: mRNA profiles associated with higher brain tissue vulnerability. A1 - Duke, DC A1 - Moran, LB A1 - Pearce, RK A1 - Graeber, MB J1 - Neurogenetics Y1 - 2007/04// VL - 8 SN - 1364-6745 SP - 83 EP - 94 N2 - Sporadic Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by progressive death of dopaminergic neurons within the substantia nigra. However, pathological cell death within this nucleus is not uniform. In PD, the lateral tier of the substantia nigra (SNl) degenerates earlier and more severely than the more medial nigral component (SNm). The cause of this brain regional vulnerability remains unknown. We have used DNA oligonucleotide microarrays to compare gene expression profiles from the SNl to those of the SNm in both PD and control cases. Genes expressed more highly in the PD SNl included the cell death gene, p53 effector related to PMP22, the tumour necrosis factor (TNF) receptor gene, TNF receptor superfamily, member 21, and the mitochondrial complex I gene, NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1beta subcomplex, 3, 12 kDa (NDUFbeta3). Genes that were more highly expressed in PD SNm included the dopamine cell signalling gene, cyclic adenosine monophosphate-regulated phosphoprotein, 21 kDa, the activated macrophage gene, stabilin 1, and two glutathione peroxidase (GPX) genes, GPX1 and GPX3. Thus, there is increased expression of genes encoding pro-inflammatory cytokines and subunits of the mitochondrial electron transport chain, and there is a decreased expression of several glutathione-related genes in the SNl suggesting a molecular basis for pathoclisis. Importantly, some of the genes that are differentially regulated in the SNl are known to be expressed highly or predominately in glial cells. These findings support the view that glial cells can be primarily affected in PD emphasizing the importance of using a whole tissue approach when investigating degenerative CNS disease. L1 - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17211632&query_hl=1 ER - TY - JFULL T1 - Formyl peptide receptors and the regulation of ACTH secretion: targets for annexin A1, lipoxins, and bacterial peptides. A1 - John, CD A1 - Sahni, V A1 - Mehet, D A1 - Morris, JF A1 - Christian, HC A1 - Perretti, M A1 - Flower, RJ A1 - Solito, E A1 - Buckingham, JC J1 - FASEB J Y1 - 2007/04// VL - 21 SN - 1530-6860 SP - 1037 EP - 1046 N2 - The N-formyl peptide receptors (FPRs) are a family of G-protein coupled receptors that respond to proinflammatory N-formylated bacterial peptides (e.g., formyl-Met-Leu-Phe, fMLF) and, thus, contribute to the host response to bacterial infection. Paradoxically, a growing body of evidence suggests that some members of this receptor family may also be targets for certain anti-inflammatory molecules, including annexin A1 (ANXA1), which is an important mediator of glucocorticoid (GC) action. To explore further the potential role of FPRs in mediating ANXA1 actions, we have focused on the pituitary gland, where ANXA1 has a well-defined role as a cell-cell mediator of the inhibitory effects of GCs on the secretion of corticotrophin (ACTH), and used molecular, genetic, and pharmacological approaches to address the question in well-established rodent models. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis identified mRNAs for four FPR family members in the mouse anterior pituitary gland, Fpr-rs1, Fpr-rs2, Fpr-rs6, and Fpr-rs7. Functional studies confirmed that, like dexamethasone, ANXA1 and two ANXA1-derived peptides (ANXA1(1-188) and ANXA1(Ac2-26)) inhibit the evoked release of ACTH from rodent anterior pituitary tissue in vitro. Fpr1 gene deletion failed to modify the pituitary responses to dexamethasone or ANXA1(Ac2-26). However, lipoxin A4 (LXA4, 0.02-2 microM, a lipid mediator with high affinity for Fpr-rs1) mimicked the inhibitory effects of ANXA1 on ACTH release as also did fMLF in high (1-100 microM) but not lower (10-100 nM) concentrations. Additionally, a nonselective FPR antagonist (Boc1, 100 microM) overcame the effects of dexamethasone, ANXA1(1-188), ANXA1(Ac2-26), fMLF, and LXA4 on ACTH release, although at a lower concentration (50 microM), it was without effect. Together, the results suggest that the actions of ANXA1 in the pituitary gland are independent of Fpr1 but may involve other FPR family members, in particular, Fpr-rs1 or a closely related receptor. They thus provide the first evidence for a role of the FPR family in the regulation of neuroendocrine function. L1 - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17218541&query_hl=1 ER - TY - JFULL T1 - Abnormal brain connectivity in first-episode psychosis: A diffusion MRI tractography study of the corpus callosum A1 - Price, G A1 - Cercignani, M A1 - Parker, GJM A1 - Altmann, DR A1 - Barnes, TRE A1 - Barker, GJ A1 - Joyce, EM A1 - Ron, MA J1 - NEUROIMAGE Y1 - 2007/04/01/ VL - 35 SN - 1053-8119 SP - 458 EP - 466 N2 - A model of disconnectivity involving abnormalities in the cortex and connecting white matter pathways may explain the clinical manifestations of schizophrenia. Recently, diffusion imaging tractography has made it possible to study white matter pathways in detail and we present here a study of patients with first-episode psychosis using this technique. We selected the corpus callosum for this study because there is evidence that it is abnormal in schizophrenia. In addition, the topographical organization of its fibers makes it possible to relate focal abnormalities to specific cortical regions. Eighteen patients with first-episode psychosis and 21 healthy subjects took part in the study. A probabilistic tractography algorithm (PICo) was used to study fractional anisotropy (FA). Seed regions were placed in the genu and splenium to track fiber tracts traversing these regions, and a multi-threshold approach to study the probability of connection was used. Multiple linear regressions were used to explore group differences. FA, a measure of tract coherence, was reduced in tracts crossing the genu, and to a lesser degree the splenium, in patients compared with controls. FA was also lower in the germ in females across both groups, but there was no gender-by-group interaction. The FA reduction in patients may be due to aberrant myelination or axonal abnormalities, but the similar tract volumes in the two groups suggest that severe axonal loss is unlikely at this stage of the illness. (c) 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. ER - TY - JFULL T1 - Meningeal B-cell follicles in secondary progressive multiple sclerosis associate with early onset of disease and severe cortical pathology. A1 - Magliozzi, R A1 - Howell, O A1 - Vora, A A1 - Serafini, B A1 - Nicholas, R A1 - Puopolo, M A1 - Reynolds, R A1 - Aloisi, F J1 - Brain Y1 - 2007/04// VL - 130 SN - 1460-2156 SP - 1089 EP - 1104 N2 - Intrathecal antibody production is a hallmark of multiple sclerosis and humoral immunity is thought to play an important role in the inflammatory response and development of demyelinated lesions. The presence of lymphoid follicle-like structures in the cerebral meninges of some multiple sclerosis patients indicates that B-cell maturation can be sustained locally within the CNS and contribute to the establishment of a compartmentalized humoral immune response. In this study we examined the distribution of ectopic B-cell follicles in multiple sclerosis cases with primary and secondary progressive clinical courses to determine their association with clinical and neuropathological features. A detailed immunohistochemical and morphometric analysis was performed on post-mortem brain tissue samples from 29 secondary progressive (SP) and 7 primary progressive (PP) multiple sclerosis cases. B-cell follicles were detected in the meninges entering the cerebral sulci of 41.4% of the SPMS cases, but not in PPMS cases. The SPMS cases with follicles significantly differed from those without with respect to a younger age at multiple sclerosis onset, irreversible disability and death and more pronounced demyelination, microglia activation and loss of neurites in the cerebral cortex. Cortical demyelination in these SPMS cases was also more severe than in PPMS cases. Notably, all meningeal B-cell follicles were found adjacent to large subpial cortical lesions, suggesting that soluble factors diffusing from these structures have a pathogenic role. These data support an immunopathogenetic mechanism whereby B-cell follicles developing in the multiple sclerosis meninges exacerbate the detrimental effects of humoral immunity with a subsequent major impact on the integrity of the cortical structures. L1 - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17438020&query_hl=1 ER - TY - JFULL T1 - Expression of the scavenger receptor CD163 in Parkinson's disease A1 - Croisier, E A1 - Moran, LB A1 - Graeber, MB J1 - NEUROPATH APPL NEURO Y1 - 2007/04// VL - 33 SN - 0305-1846 SP - 266 EP - 266 ER - TY - JFULL T1 - Papillary meningioma: clinicopathological features of 42 cases A1 - Barker, JV A1 - Scheithauer, BW A1 - Giannini, C A1 - Moss, J A1 - Farrar, M A1 - Katsarou, A A1 - Perry, A A1 - Roncaroli, F J1 - NEUROPATH APPL NEURO Y1 - 2007/04// VL - 33 SN - 0305-1846 SP - 260 EP - 260 ER - TY - JFULL T1 - Increased trpv1 expressing nerve fibres in colonic biopsies from irritable bowel syndrome patients correlate with the degree of abdominal pain A1 - Akbar, A A1 - Yiangou, Y A1 - Facer, P A1 - Anand, P A1 - Ghosh, S J1 - GUT Y1 - 2007/04// VL - 56 SN - 0017-5749 SP - A19 EP - A19 ER - TY - JFULL T1 - Identifying cardiorespiratory neurocircuitry involved in central command during exercise in humans A1 - Green, A A1 - Wang, SW A1 - Purvis, S A1 - Owen, SLF A1 - Bain, PG A1 - Stein, JF A1 - Guz, A A1 - Aziz, TZ A1 - Paterson, DJ J1 - FASEB J Y1 - 2007/04// VL - 21 SN - 0892-6638 SP - A566 EP - A566 ER - TY - JFULL T1 - Exploring the physiological effects of double-cone coil TMS over the medial frontal cortex on the anterior cingulate cortex: an H2(15)O PET study. A1 - Hayward, G A1 - Mehta, MA A1 - Harmer, C A1 - Spinks, TJ A1 - Grasby, PM A1 - Goodwin, GM J1 - Eur J Neurosci Y1 - 2007/04// VL - 25 SN - 0953-816X SP - 2224 EP - 2233 N2 - Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) using a double-cone coil over the medial frontal cortex has the potential to clarify the function of the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) in cognition, emotion and mood disorders. Following demonstration of disruption of performance on psychological tasks closely linked to cingulate function using this TMS technique, the current study aimed to directly measure the regional distribution of physiological effects of stimulation in the brain with H2(15)O PET. Experiment 1 assessed the effect of increasing numbers of pulse trains of TMS on regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF). Experiment 2 assessed the capacity of medial frontal TMS to modulate brain activity associated with the Stroop task using medial parietal TMS as a control site of stimulation. SPM99 analyses, using the ACC as a region of interest, revealed clusters of increased rCBF during medial frontal TMS in Brodmann area 24 and reduced rCBF in more ventral ACC, the latter occurring in both experiments. In a whole-brain analysis, striking changes in rCBF were observed distal to the ACC following medial frontal TMS. Although TMS reliably affected Stroop task performance in early trials, there was no interaction between TMS and Stroop condition in rCBF. Our results suggest that medial frontal TMS using the double-cone coil can affect ACC activity. However, a number of more distal cortical areas were also affected in these experiments. These additional changes may reflect either 'downstream' effects of altered cingulate cortex activity or direct effects of the coil. L1 - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17439499&query_hl=1 ER - TY - JFULL T1 - October 2006: A 37-year old male with headache - Diagnosis - Cerebellar low grade astroblastoma A1 - Chopra, I A1 - Roncaroli, F A1 - Apostolopoulos, V A1 - Moss, J A1 - Peston, D A1 - O'Neill, K J1 - BRAIN PATHOL Y1 - 2007/04// VL - 17 SN - 1015-6305 SP - 251 EP - + N2 - Astroblastoma is a rare tumor of glial lineage usually occurring in young adults and involving the supratentorial compartment. Brain stem and cerebellar examples are uncommon. We report a 37-year-old patient who presented with 2-month history of headache and balance impairment. Pre-operative MR scans showed a cystic, contrast-enhanced lesion involving the cortex of the left cerebellar hemisphere. Histologically, the tumor showed compressive margins, appeared rich in vessels and featured compact architecture with no fibrillary background. It contained perivascular pseudorosettes composed of columnar cells with short cytoplasmic processes and eccentric nuclei. Mitoses were rare and necrosis was absent. Tumor cells expressed GFAP, S-100 protein and NSE. Immunoreactions for cytokeratin CAM5.2, cytokeratins AE1/AE3, smooth muscle actin, CD31, EMA, chromogranin and synaptophysin were negative. Electron microscopy showed capillaries with grossly thickened basal lamina. Cell junctions of tumor cells were primitive and intermediate. There were no intracytoplasmic lumina, ciliary bodies and microvilli. A diagnosis of low grade astroblastoma was made. Low grade astroblastoma has an excellent long term survival when gross totally resection. High grade examples have an unfavorable outcome, often similar to glioblastoma. Mitoses, cellular atypia and microvascular proliferation appear to be poor prognostic indicators. ER - TY - JFULL T1 - Texture analysis of ultrasonic images of symptomatic carotid plaques can identify those plaques associated with ipsilateral embolic brain infarction. A1 - Kakkos, SK A1 - Stevens, JM A1 - Nicolaides, AN A1 - Kyriacou, E A1 - Pattichis, CS A1 - Geroulakos, G A1 - Thomas, D J1 - Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg Y1 - 2007/04// VL - 33 SN - 1078-5884 SP - 422 EP - 429 N2 - OBJECTIVES: The aim of our study was to determine the association between objective, computerised texture analysis of carotid plaque ultrasonic images and embolic CT-brain infarction in patients presenting with hemispheric neurological symptoms. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study in patients with 50%-99% (ECST) carotid stenosis. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Carotid plaque ultrasonic images (n=54, 26 with TIAs and 28 with stroke) obtained during carotid ultrasound were normalised and standardised for resolution and subsequently assessed visually for the presence of discrete echogenic or juxtaluminal echolucent components and overall echogenicity (plaque type). Using computer software, 51 histogram/textural features of the plaque outlines were calculated. Factor analysis was subsequently applied to eliminate redundant variables. Small cortical, large cortical and discrete subcortical infarcts on CT-brain scan were considered as being embolic. RESULTS: Twenty-five cases (46%) had embolic infarcts. On logistic regression, grey-scale median (GSM), a measure of echolucency, spatial grey level dependence matrices (SGLDM) correlation and SGLDM information measure of correlation-1, measures of homogeneity were significant (p<0.05), but not grey level runlength statistics (RUNL) Run Percentage (RP), stenosis severity, type of symptoms or echolucent juxtaluminal components. Using ROC curves methodology, SGLDM information measure of correlation-1 improved the value of GSM in distinguishing embolic from non-embolic CT-brain infarction. CONCLUSION: Computerised texture analysis of ultrasonic images of symptomatic carotid plaques can identify those that are associated with brain infarction, improving the results achieved by GSM alone. This methodology could be applied to prospective natural history studies of symptomatic patients not operated on or randomised trials of patients undergoing carotid angioplasty and stenting in order to identify high-risk subgroups for cerebral infarction. L1 - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17161964&query_hl=1 ER - TY - JFULL T1 - Unkind selves A1 - Tyrer, P J1 - BRIT J PSYCHIAT Y1 - 2007/04// VL - 190 SN - 0007-1250 SP - 370 EP - 370 ER - TY - JFULL T1 - Can deficits in social problem-solving in people with personality disorder be reversed? A1 - Crawford, MJ J1 - BRIT J PSYCHIAT Y1 - 2007/04// VL - 190 SN - 0007-1250 SP - 283 EP - 284 N2 - Research evidence is beginning to emerge that social problem-solving can improve the social functioning of people with personality disorder. This approach is particularly important because it may be relatively easy to train healthcare workers to deliver this intervention. However, the costs and cost-effectiveness of social problem-solving need to be established if it is to be made more widely available. ER - TY - JFULL T1 - Meningeal B-cell follicles in secondary progressive multiple sclerosis associate with early onset of disease and severe cortical pathology A1 - Magliozzi, R A1 - Howell, O A1 - Vora, A A1 - Serafini, B A1 - Nicholas, R A1 - Puopolo, M A1 - Reynolds, R A1 - Aloisi, F J1 - BRAIN Y1 - 2007/04// VL - 130 SN - 0006-8950 SP - 1089 EP - 1104 N2 - Intrathecal antibody production is a hallmark of multiple sclerosis and humoral immunity is thought to play an important role in the inflammatory response and development of demyelinated lesions. The presence of lymphoid follicle-like structures in the cerebral meninges of some multiple sclerosis patients indicates that B-cell maturation can be sustained locally within the CNS and contribute to the establishment of a compartmentalized humoral immune response. In this study we examined the distribution of ectopic B-cell follicles in multiple sclerosis cases with primary and secondary progressive clinical courses to determine their association with clinical and neuropathological features. A detailed immunohistochemical and morphometric analysis was performed on post-mortem brain tissue samples from 29 secondary progressive (SP) and 7 primary progressive (PP) multiple sclerosis cases. B-cell follicles were detected in the meninges entering the cerebral sulci of 41.4% of the SPMS cases, but not in PPMS cases. The SPMS cases with follicles significantly differed from those without with respect to a younger age at multiple sclerosis onset, irreversible disability and death and more pronounced demyelination, microglia activation and loss of neurites in the cerebral cortex. Cortical demyelination in these SPMS cases was also more severe than in PPMS cases. Notably, all meningeal B-cell follicles were found adjacent to large subpial cortical lesions, suggesting that soluble factors diffusing from these structures have a pathogenic role. These data support an immunopathogenetic mechanism whereby B-cell follicles developing in the multiple sclerosis meninges exacerbate the detrimental effects of humoral immunity with a subsequent major impact on the integrity of the cortical structures. ER - TY - JFULL T1 - Genetics of ischaemic stroke among persons of non-European descent: a meta-analysis of eight genes involving approximately 32,500 individuals. A1 - Ariyaratnam, R A1 - Casas, JP A1 - Whittaker, J A1 - Smeeth, L A1 - Hingorani, AD A1 - Sharma, P J1 - PLoS Med Y1 - 2007/04// VL - 4 SN - 1549-1676 SP - e131 EP - e131 N2 - BACKGROUND: Ischaemic stroke in persons of European descent has a genetic basis, but whether the stroke-susceptibility alleles, the strength of any association, and the extent of their attributable risks are the same in persons of non-European descent remains unanswered. Whether ethnicity itself has a relevant or substantial contribution on those effect estimates is controversial. Comparative analyses between the ethnic groups may allow general conclusions to be drawn about polygenic disorders. METHODS AND FINDINGS: We performed a literature-based systematic review of genetic association studies in stroke in persons of non-European descent. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were determined for each gene-disease association using fixed and random effect models. We further performed a comparative genetic analysis across the different ethnic groups (including persons of European descent derived from our previous meta-analysis) to determine if genetic risks varied by ethnicity. Following a review of 500 manuscripts, eight candidate gene variants were analysed among 32,431 individuals (12,883 cases and 19,548 controls), comprising mainly Chinese, Japanese, and Korean individuals. Of the eight candidate genes studied, three were associated with ischaemic stroke: the angiotensin I converting enzyme (ACE) insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism with a mean OR of 1.90 (95% CI 1.23-2.93) in the Chinese and 1.74 (95% CI 0.88-3.42) in the Japanese; the summary OR for the C677T variant of 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) was 1.18 (95% CI 0.90-1.56) in Chinese and 1.34 (95% CI 0.87-2.06) in Koreans; and the pooled OR for the apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene was 2.18 (95% CI 1.52-3.13) in Chinese and 1.51 (95% CI 0.93-2.45) in Japanese. Comparing the commonly investigated stroke genes among the Asian groups against studies in persons of European descent, we found an absence of any substantial qualitative or quantitative interaction for ORs by ethnicity. However, the number of individuals recruited per study in the studies of persons of non-European descent was significantly smaller compared to studies of persons of European descent, despite a similar number of studies conducted per gene. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that genetic associations studied to date for ischaemic stroke among persons of non-European descent are similar to those for persons of European descent. Claims of differences in genetic effects among different ethnic populations for complex disorders such as stroke may be overstated. However, due to the limited number of gene variants evaluated, the relatively smaller number of individuals included in the meta-analyses of persons of non-European descent in stroke, and the possibility of publication bias, the existence of allele variants with differential effects by ethnicity cannot be excluded. L1 - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17455988&query_hl=1 ER - TY - JFULL T1 - New insights into the patho-anatomical basis of hallucinations in Parkinson's disease A1 - Kalaitzakis, ME A1 - Christian, LM A1 - Graeber, MB A1 - Pearce, RKB A1 - Gentleman, SM J1 - NEUROPATH APPL NEURO Y1 - 2007/04// VL - 33 SN - 0305-1846 SP - 266 EP - 266 ER - TY - JFULL T1 - Augmentation with a second antipsychotic in patients with schizophrenia who partially respond to clozapine: a meta-analysis. A1 - Paton, C A1 - Whittington, C A1 - Barnes, TR J1 - J Clin Psychopharmacol Y1 - 2007/04// VL - 27 SN - 0271-0749 SP - 198 EP - 204 N2 - OBJECTIVES: To conduct a meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials (RCTs) of clozapine augmentation with another antipsychotic drug in patient with schizophrenia who partially respond to clozapine and compare the results with the findings of relevant open studies. METHODS: A systematic literature search was conducted to identify eligible RCTs. All baseline, posttreatment, and change scores in these trials were included in the meta-analysis. For change in Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale/Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale total scores, the effect size was calculated, and for the proportion of patients with a reduction in Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale/Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale scores of 20% or more, the relative risk was calculated. RESULTS: There was a total of 166 participants in the 4 eligible RCTs. Pooling effect sizes across these studies revealed clinically important heterogeneity (I = 63.5%). Analyzing by duration accounted for the heterogeneity (I = 0%), whereas analyzing by drug did not (I = 57.5%). The 2 RCTs lasting 10 weeks or more gave an odds ratio of response to treatment of 4.41 (95% confidence interval, 1.38 to 14.07). In 8 open studies identified, the same pattern of response was seen. The main treatment-emergent side effects reported were extrapyramidal side effects and raised serum prolactin. CONCLUSIONS: Augmentation of clozapine with another antipsychotic drug in patients with schizophrenic illness that has partially responded to clozapine is worthy of an individual clinical trial. This trial may need to be longer than the 4 to 6 weeks usually recommended for acute antipsychotic monotherapy. L1 - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17414246&query_hl=1 ER - TY - JFULL T1 - Agonist-dependent internalization of D2 receptors: Imaging quantification by confocal microscopy. A1 - Goggi, JL A1 - Sardini, A A1 - Egerton, A A1 - Strange, PG A1 - Grasby, PM J1 - Synapse Y1 - 2007/04// VL - 61 SN - 0887-4476 SP - 231 EP - 241 N2 - In positron emission tomography and single photon emission computed tomography studies using D2 dopamine (DA) receptor radiotracers, a decrease in radiotracer binding potential (BP) is usually interpreted in terms of increased competition with synaptic DA. However, some data suggest that this signal may also reflect agonist (DA)-induced increases in D2 receptor (D2R) internalization, a process which would presumably also decrease the population of receptors available for binding to hydrophilic radioligands. To advance interpretation of alterations in D2 radiotracer BP, direct methods of assessment of D2R internalization are required. Here, we describe a confocal microscopy-based approach for the quantification of agonist-dependent receptor internalization. The method relies upon double-labeling of the receptors with antibodies directed against intracellular as well as extracellular epitopes. Following agonist stimulation, DA D2R internalization was quantified by differentiating, in optical cell sections, the signal due to the staining of the extracellular from intracellular epitopes of D2Rs. Receptor internalization was increased in the presence of the D2 agonists DA and bromocriptine, but not the D1 agonist SKF38393. Pretreatment with either the D2 antagonist sulpiride, or inhibitors of internalization (phenylarsine oxide and high molarity sucrose), blocked D2-agonist induced receptor internalization, thus validating this method in vitro. This approach therefore provides a direct and streamlined methodology for investigating the pharmacological and mechanistic aspects of D2R internalization, and should inform the interpretation of results from in vivo receptor imaging studies. L1 - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17230553&query_hl=1 ER - TY - JFULL T1 - Motor recovery and the breathing arm after brachial plexus surgical repairs, including re-implantation of avulsed spinal roots into the spinal cord. A1 - Htut, M A1 - Misra, VP A1 - Anand, P A1 - Birch, R A1 - Carlstedt, T J1 - J Hand Surg [Br] Y1 - 2007/04// VL - 32 SN - 0266-7681 SP - 170 EP - 178 N2 - Forty-four patients with severe traction brachial plexus avulsion injuries were studied following surgical repairs. In eight patients, re-implanting avulsed spinal roots directly to the spinal cord was performed with other repairs and motor recovery in the proximal limb was similar to that achieved by conventional nerve grafts and transfers when assessed using the MRC clinical grades, Narakas scores, EMG and Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS). Thirty-four of the 37 patients had co-contractions of agonist and antagonist muscle groups. Spontaneous contractions of limb muscles in synchrony with respiration, the "breathing arm", were noted in 26 of 37 patients: in three patients, the source of the breathing arm was from spinal cord re-connection, providing evidence of regeneration from the CNS to the periphery. Our study shows that re-connection of avulsed spinal roots can produce good motor recovery and provides a clinical model for developing new treatments which may enhance nerve regeneration. L1 - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17224225&query_hl=1 ER - TY - JFULL T1 - CD163: a marker of peripheral blood macrophages in traumatic brain injury A1 - Christian, LM A1 - Moran, LM A1 - Vince, V A1 - Graham, DI A1 - Gentleman, SM J1 - NEUROPATH APPL NEURO Y1 - 2007/04// VL - 33 SN - 0305-1846 SP - 258 EP - 258 ER - TY - JFULL T1 - Revealing the dynamic causal interdependence between neural and muscular signals in Parkinsonian tremor A1 - Wang, S A1 - Chen, Y A1 - Ding, M A1 - Feng, J A1 - Stein, J A1 - Aziz, T A1 - Liu, X J1 - Journal of the Franklin Institute Y1 - 2007/04// VL - 344 SP - 180 EP - 195 UR - http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=MImg&_imagekey=B6V04-4KW5WKM-1-1M&_cdi=5636&_user=217827&_orig=search&_coverDate=09%2F12%2F2006&_sk=999999999&view=c&wchp=dGLbVlb-zSkWb&md5=5529a808e2f0b7af961 ER - TY - JFULL T1 - Expression of gamma-synuclein in Parkinson's disease A1 - Slonimsky, A A1 - Hickey, L A1 - Christian, L A1 - Dexter, DT A1 - Pearce, RKB A1 - Graeber, MB A1 - Moran, LB J1 - NEUROPATH APPL NEURO Y1 - 2007/04// VL - 33 SN - 0305-1846 SP - 256 EP - 256 ER - TY - JFULL T1 - Increased immunoreactivity of cdk5 activators in hippocampal sclerosis A1 - Sen, A A1 - Thom, M A1 - Martinian, L A1 - Yogarajah, M A1 - Nikolic, M A1 - Sisodiya, SM J1 - NEUROREPORT Y1 - 2007/03/26/ VL - 18 SN - 0959-4965 SP - 511 EP - 516 N2 - Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 is important in several in-vitro neurodegeneration paradigms. Whether cyclin-dependent kinase 5 contributes to cell death in human neuro-degenerative diseases remains uncertain, particularly because post-mortem delay and other extrinsic factors might influence cyclin-dependent kinase 5 activity Here we demonstrate increased immunoreactivity for the activators of cyclin-dependent kinase 5 in post-mortem human hippocampi affected by the neurodegenerative condition hippocampal sclerosis, but not in histologically normal hippocampi. Moreover, in post-mortem brain tissue from patients with unilateral hippocampal sclerosis, increased immunoreactivity for cyclin-dependent kinase 5 activators was detected in the hippocampus with sclerosis, but not in the contralateral hippocampus, suggesting that extrinsic factors are unlikely to account for the differential staining observed. Our findings suggest that deregulation of cyclin-dependent kinase 5 might contribute to the pathogenesis of hippocampal sclerosis. ER - TY - JFULL T1 - Digitised spirography as an evaluation tool for intention tremor in multiple sclerosis. A1 - Feys, P A1 - Helsen, W A1 - Prinsmel, A A1 - Ilsbroukx, S A1 - Wang, S A1 - Liu, X J1 - J Neurosci Methods Y1 - 2007/03/15/ VL - 160 SN - 0165-0270 SP - 309 EP - 316 N2 - This study investigated validity and reliability of digitised circle and square spiral drawing for quantifying intention tremor severity and related disability in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). The tremor amplitude was measured as the standard deviation of the drawing velocity of the arm in the radial and tangential direction for circle spiral drawing, and in the horizontal and vertical direction for square spiral drawing. Results were compared with those of MS patients without tremor and healthy controls, and correlated with clinical assessments of tremor severity and arm functionality including Fahn's tremor rating scale, Test d'Evaluation des Membres supérieurs des Personnes Agées (TEMPA) and the nine-hole-peg test to examine validity. Comparison of patient's performance between four repeated trials examined short-term test-retest reliability. All digitised spirography variables discriminated between the MS-tremor and both MS-no-tremor and healthy control groups. Validity was also shown by high spearman correlation coefficients between spirography variables and clinical ratings. Tremor appeared to be most profound in the radial and vertical direction during circle and square spiral drawing, respectively. The consistency and high correlations between four repeated executions indicated short-term test-retest reliability. We conclude that the digitised spirography provide a useful instrumentation for quantifying MS intention tremor. L1 - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17113154&query_hl=1 ER - TY - JFULL T1 - Relationship between appearance and psychological distress in rheumatic diseases. A1 - Monaghan, SM A1 - Sharpe, L A1 - Denton, F A1 - Levy, J A1 - Schrieber, L A1 - Sensky, T J1 - Arthritis Rheum Y1 - 2007/03/15/ VL - 57 SN - 0004-3591 SP - 303 EP - 309 N2 - OBJECTIVE: To examine the relationship between physical appearance concerns and psychological distress in patients with rheumatic diseases. METHODS: A total of 60 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), 44 with chronic rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and 53 with recent-onset RA were evaluated for levels of appearance concern and a range of illness-specific measures to determine how these demographic and clinical variables were related to the dependent variable psychological distress. RESULTS: Using hierarchical multiple regression analyses, we found that both appearance concerns and levels of disability were predictive of depression in patients with RA. In the SLE sample, physical disability was predictive of depression when appearance concerns were not included in the analysis. However, disability did not predict depression when appearance concerns were entered into the analysis. This indicates that appearance concerns mediated the relationship between disability and depression in SLE. There was no association between appearance concerns and anxiety in either sample. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that appearance concerns are strongly related to depression in patients with rheumatic diseases and should be routinely assessed. L1 - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17330287&query_hl=1 ER - TY - JFULL T1 - Reduction in occipital cortex gamma-aminobutyric acid concentrations in medication-free recovered unipolar depressed and bipolar subjects. A1 - Bhagwagar, Z A1 - Wylezinska, M A1 - Jezzard, P A1 - Evans, J A1 - Ashworth, F A1 - Sule, A A1 - Matthews, PM A1 - Cowen, PJ J1 - Biol Psychiatry Y1 - 2007/03/15/ VL - 61 SN - 0006-3223 SP - 806 EP - 812 N2 - BACKGROUND: Studies using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) have indicated that unmedicated, acutely depressed patients have decreased levels of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in occipital cortex. Cortical levels of glutamate (Glu) may be increased, although these data are less consistent. The aim of this study was to use MRS to determine whether changes in GABA and Glu levels were present in patients with mood disorders who had recovered and were no longer taking medication. METHODS: An [1H]-MRS was used to measure levels of GABA, of the combined concentration of Glu and glutamine (Gln), and of N-acetylaspartate (NAA) in occipital cortex in medication-free, fully recovered subjects with a history of recurrent unipolar depression (n = 15), bipolar disorder (n = 16), and a group of healthy controls (n = 18). RESULTS: Occipital levels of GABA and NAA were significantly lower in recovered depressed and bipolar subjects than in healthy controls, whereas Glu +Gln concentrations were higher. CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that recovered unmedicated subjects with a history of mood disorder have changes in cortical concentrations of GABA, NAA, and Glu +Gln. These biochemical abnormalities may be markers of a trait vulnerability to mood disorder, rather than neurochemical correlates of an abnormal mood state. L1 - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17210135&query_hl=1 ER - TY - JFULL T1 - A review of the functional role and of the expression profile of retinoid signaling and of nuclear receptors in human spinal cord. A1 - Malaspina, A A1 - Turkheimer, F J1 - Brain Res Bull Y1 - 2007/03/15/ VL - 71 SN - 0361-9230 SP - 437 EP - 446 N2 - Spinal cord degenerative pathologies in humans cause extensive disability and require a broad range of specialist and palliative medical interventions. In amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), motor cell loss leads to extensive paralysis and to death from respiratory failure in 3-5 years form disease onset. A wide range of molecular changes forms the basis of spinal cord involvement in ALS, including the reactivation of molecular pathways with potentially neurorestorative properties. Central to this tissue repair mechanism is the differential regulation of components of the retinoid signaling (ReS), a molecular pathway encompassing a variety of proteins functioning as transporters, signaling factors and metabolizing enzymes for retinoic acid. In this paper, we review the strong body of experimental evidence supporting retinoid signaling's primary role in spinal cord embryonic differentiation and its likely survival-promoting function in ALS. We discuss the potential involvement in ALS pathogenesis of a subgroup of nuclear receptors (NRs) that act as functional partners of retinoid receptors in human spinal cord. We also provide a review of the expression profile of 25 ReS and NRs genes in human adult spinal cord and in motor neurons of healthy and ALS individuals, using data retrieved from independent datasets obtained through serial analysis of gene expression and array investigations. Based on published expression data, we outline a tentative expression profile of ReS and functionally synergic NR genes in human spinal cord that could guide further experiments to clarify the role of these molecules in mature nervous tissue and suggest potential treatment strategies that could have therapeutic potentials in ALS. L1 - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17259011&query_hl=1 ER - TY - JFULL T1 - Role of the human supplementary eye field in the control of saccadic eye movements. A1 - Parton, A A1 - Nachev, P A1 - Hodgson, TL A1 - Mort, D A1 - Thomas, D A1 - Ordidge, R A1 - Morgan, PS A1 - Jackson, S A1 - Rees, G A1 - Husain, M J1 - Neuropsychologia Y1 - 2007/03/14/ VL - 45 SN - 0028-3932 SP - 997 EP - 1008 N2 - The precise function of the supplementary eye field (SEF) is poorly understood. Although electrophysiological and functional imaging studies are important for demonstrating when SEF neurones are active, lesion studies are critical to establish the functions for which the SEF is essential. Here we report a series of investigations performed on an extremely rare individual with a highly focal lesion of the medial frontal cortex. High-resolution structural imaging demonstrated that his lesion was confined to the region of the left paracentral sulcus, the anatomical locus of the SEF. Behavioural testing revealed that the patient was significantly impaired when required to switch between anti- and pro-saccades, when there were conflicting rules governing stimulus-response mappings for saccades. Similarly, the results of an arbitrary stimulus-response associative learning task demonstrated that he was impaired when required to select the appropriate saccade from conflicting eye movement responses, but not for limb movements on an analogous manual task. When making memory-guided saccadic sequences, the patient demonstrated hypometria, like patients with Parkinson's disease, but had no significant difficulties in reproducing the order of saccades correctly on a task that emphasized accuracy with a wide temporal segregation between responses. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that the SEF plays a key role in implementing control when there is conflict between several, ongoing competing saccadic responses, but not when eye movements need to be made accurately in sequence. L1 - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17069864&query_hl=1 ER - TY - JFULL T1 - Activation of the subventricular zone in multiple sclerosis: Evidence for early glial progenitors A1 - Nait-Oumesmar, B A1 - Picard-Riera, N A1 - Kerninon, C A1 - Decker, L A1 - Seilhean, D A1 - Hoglinger, GU A1 - Hirsch, EC A1 - Reynolds, R A1 - Baron-Van Evercooren, A J1 - P NATL ACAD SCI USA Y1 - 2007/03/13/ VL - 104 SN - 0027-8424 SP - 4694 EP - 4699 N2 - In multiple sclerosis (MS), oligodendrocyte and myelin destruction lead to demyelination with subsequent axonal loss. Experimental demyelination in rodents has highlighted the activation of the subventricular zone (SVZ) and the involvement of progenitor cells expressing the polysialylated form of neural cell adhesion molecule (PSA-INCAM) in the repair process. In this article, we studied the distribution of early PSA-NCAM(+) progenitors in the SVZ and MS lesions in human postmortem brains. Compared with controls, MS SVZ showed a 2- to 3-fold increase in cell density and proliferation, which correlated with enhanced numbers of PSA-NCAM+ and glial fibrillary acidic protein-positive (GFAP+) cells. PSA-NCAM+ progenitors mainly were Sox9(+), and a few expressed Sox10 and Olig2, markers of oligodendroglial specification. PSA-NCAM+ progenitors expressing Sox10 and Olig2 also were detected in demyelinated MS lesions. In active and chronic active lesions, the number of PSA-NCAM+ progenitors was 8-fold higher compared with chronic silent lesions, shadow plaques, and normal-appearing white matter. In active and chronic active lesions, PSA-NCAM+ progenitors were more frequent in periventricular lesions (30-50%) than in lesions remote from the ventricular wall. These data indicate that, as in rodents, activation of gliogenesis in the SVZ occurs in MS and suggest the mobilization of SVZ-derived early glial progenitors to periventricular lesions, where they could give rise to oligodendrocyte precursors. These early glial progenitors could be a potential target for therapeutic strategies designed to promote myelin repair in MS. ER - TY - JFULL T1 - Personality diatheses: a superior explanation than disorder. A1 - Tyrer, P J1 - Psychol Med Y1 - 2007/03/12/ SN - 0033-2917 SP - 1 EP - 5 N2 - Diatheses confer vulnerability to disorder but are not necessarily manifest overtly or consistently. It is suggested that the main empirical findings of studies with abnormal personality support the notion that they are diatheses rather than disorders. This includes their onset early in life, their variability of expression dependent on setting, their greater association with more severe disorders and their acceptance as intrinsic components of functioning by most suffering from these conditions. It is argued that a separate axis of classification for personality diatheses rather than disorders is justified. L1 - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17349102&query_hl=1 ER - TY - JFULL T1 - Pure autonomic failure followed by amyotrophy A1 - Irani, SR A1 - Mathias, CJ A1 - Orrell, RW J1 - NEUROLOGY Y1 - 2007/03/06/ VL - 68 SN - 0028-3878 SP - 792 EP - 793 ER - TY - JFULL T1 - Comment on "Detecting awareness in the vegetative state". A1 - Nachev, P A1 - Husain, M J1 - Science Y1 - 2007/03/02/ VL - 315 SN - 1095-9203 SP - 1221; author reply 1221 EP - 1221; author reply 1221 N2 - In a report of a single patient in a persistent vegetative state, Owen et al. (Brevia, 8 September 2006, p. 1402) claimed that the presence of task-specific brain activation in response to verbal command implies both covert conscious awareness and a capacity for intention. We argue that neither can be securely inferred from the evidence presented. L1 - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17332394&query_hl=1 ER - TY - JFULL T1 - Increased opiold receptor binding in early abstinence from dependent opioid and alcohol use and relationship to craving A1 - Williams, TM A1 - Lingford-Hughes, A A1 - Daglish, MRC A1 - Taylor, LG A1 - Hammers, A A1 - Brooks, DJ A1 - Grasby, P A1 - Nutt, DJ J1 - EUR NEUROPSYCHOPHARM Y1 - 2007/03// VL - 17 SN - 0924-977X SP - S78 EP - S79 ER - TY - JFULL T1 - Expression and externalization of annexin 1 in the adrenal gland: structure and function of the adrenal gland in annexin 1-null mutant mice. A1 - Davies, E A1 - Omer, S A1 - Buckingham, JC A1 - Morris, JF A1 - Christian, HC J1 - Endocrinology Y1 - 2007/03// VL - 148 SN - 0013-7227 SP - 1030 EP - 1038 N2 - Annexin 1 (ANXA1) is a member of the annexin family of phospholipid- and calcium-binding proteins with a well demonstrated role in early delayed (30 min to 3 h) inhibitory feedback of glucocorticoids in the hypothalamus and pituitary gland. This study used adrenal gland tissue from ANXA1-null transgenic mice, in which a beta-galactosidase (beta-Gal) reporter gene was controlled by the ANXA1 promoter, and wild-type control mice to explore the potential role of ANXA1 in adrenal function. RT-PCR and Western blotting revealed strong expression of ANXA1 mRNA and protein in the adrenal gland. Immunofluorescence labeling of ANXA1 in wild-type and beta-Gal expression in ANXA1-null adrenals localized intense staining in the outer perimeter cell layers. Immunogold electron microscopy identified cytoplasmic and nuclear ANXA1 labeling in outer cortical cells and capsular cells. Exposure of adrenal segments in vitro to dexamethasone (0.1 mum, 3 h) caused an increase in the amount of ANXA1 in the intracellular compartment and attached to the surface of the cells. The N-terminal peptide ANXA1(Ac2-26) inhibited corticosterone release. Corticosterone release was significantly greater from ANXA1-null adrenal cells compared with wild type in response to ACTH (10 pm to 5 nm). In contrast, basal and ACTH-stimulated aldosterone release from ANXA1-null adrenal cells was not different from wild type. Morphometry studies demonstrated that ANXA1 null adrenal glands were smaller than wild-type, and the cortical/medullary area ratio was significantly reduced. These results suggest ANXA1 is a regulator of adrenocortical size and corticosterone secretion. L1 - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17158208&query_hl=1 ER - TY - JFULL T1 - Analysis of alpha-synuclein, dopamine and parkin pathways in neuropathologically confirmed parkinsonian nigra. A1 - Moran, LB A1 - Croisier, E A1 - Duke, DC A1 - Kalaitzakis, ME A1 - Roncaroli, F A1 - Deprez, M A1 - Dexter, DT A1 - Pearce, RK A1 - Graeber, MB J1 - Acta Neuropathol (Berl) Y1 - 2007/03// VL - 113 SN - 0001-6322 SP - 253 EP - 263 N2 - The identification of mutations that cause familial Parkinson's disease (PD) provides a framework for studies into pathways that may be perturbed also in the far more common, non-familial form of the disorder. Following this hypothesis, we have examined the gene regulatory network that links alpha-synuclein and parkin pathways with dopamine metabolism in neuropathologically verified cases of sporadic PD. By means of an in silico approach using a database of eukaryotic molecular interactions and a whole genome transcriptome dataset validated by qRT-PCR and histological methods, we found parkin and functionally associated genes to be up-regulated in the lateral substantia nigra (SN). In contrast, alpha-synuclein and ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase L1 (UCHL1) gene expression levels were significantly reduced in both the lateral and medial SN in PD. Gene expression for Septin 4, a member of the GTP-binding protein family involved in alpha-synuclein metabolism was elevated in the lateral parkinsonian SN. Additionally, catalase and mitogen-activated protein kinase 8 and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase family member 1 (PARP1) known to function in DNA repair and cell death induction, all members of the dopamine synthesis pathway, were up-regulated in the lateral SN. In contrast, two additional PD-linked genes, glucocerebrosidase and nuclear receptor subfamily 4, group A, member 2 (NR4A2) showed reduced expression. We show that in sporadic PD, parkin, alpha-synuclein and dopamine pathways are co-deregulated. Alpha-synuclein is a member of all three gene regulatory networks. Our analysis results support the view that alpha-synuclein has a central role in the familial as well as the non-familial form of the disease and provide steps towards a pathway definition of PD. L1 - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17203291&query_hl=1 ER - TY - JFULL T1 - Guidelines for the conduct of clinical trials for spinal cord injury (SCI) as developed by the ICCP panel: clinical trial outcome measures. A1 - Steeves, JD A1 - Lammertse, D A1 - Curt, A A1 - Fawcett, JW A1 - Tuszynski, MH A1 - Ditunno, JF A1 - Ellaway, PH A1 - Fehlings, MG A1 - Guest, JD A1 - Kleitman, N A1 - Bartlett, PF A1 - Blight, AR A1 - Dietz, V A1 - Dobkin, BH A1 - Grossman, R A1 - Short, D A1 - Nakamura, M A1 - Coleman, WP A1 - Gaviria, M A1 - Privat, A A1 - International Campaign for Cures of Spinal Cord Injury Paralysis J1 - Spinal Cord Y1 - 2007/03// VL - 45 SN - 1362-4393 SP - 206 EP - 221 N2 - An international panel reviewed the methodology for clinical trials of spinal cord injury (SCI), and provided recommendations for the valid conduct of future trials. This is the second of four papers. It examines clinical trial end points that have been used previously, reviews alternative outcome tools and identifies unmet needs for demonstrating the efficacy of an experimental intervention after SCI. The panel focused on outcome measures that are relevant to clinical trials of experimental cell-based and pharmaceutical drug treatments. Outcome measures are of three main classes: (1) those that provide an anatomical or neurological assessment for the connectivity of the spinal cord, (2) those that categorize a subject's functional ability to engage in activities of daily living, and (3) those that measure an individual's quality of life (QoL). The American Spinal Injury Association impairment scale forms the standard basis for measuring neurologic outcomes. Various electrophysiological measures and imaging tools are in development, which may provide more precise information on functional changes following treatment and/or the therapeutic action of experimental agents. When compared to appropriate controls, an improved functional outcome, in response to an experimental treatment, is the necessary goal of a clinical trial program. Several new functional outcome tools are being developed for measuring an individual's ability to engage in activities of daily living. Such clinical end points will need to be incorporated into Phase 2 and Phase 3 trials. QoL measures often do not correlate tightly with the above outcome tools, but may need to form part of Phase 3 trial measures. L1 - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17179972&query_hl=1 ER - TY - JFULL T1 - Chemokines as modulators of neuroendocrine functions A1 - Rostene, W A1 - Buckingham, JC J1 - J MOL ENDOCRINOL Y1 - 2007/03// VL - 38 SN - 0952-5041 SP - 351 EP - 353 N2 - Chemokines are small secreted proteins with chemoattractant properties for immune cells. Besides their role in the immune system, chemokines and their receptors may play important roles in the central nervous system. Neurodegenerative disorders that involve neuroinflammation such as multiple sclerosis, stroke, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and HIV-associated dementia are commonly associated with local upregulation and release of chemokines. However, recent work has established that certain chemokines, constitutively expressed in the brain, exert functions in the brain that are distinct from inflammation. These chemokines regulate neuronal migration during brain development, modulate neuronal activity and play a role in various neurodegenerative diseases, pain and more recently in neuroendocrine functions. All these novel aspects, mainly focused on the chemokine stromal cell-derived factor-1/CXCL12 and its receptor CXCR4, were presented by pioneers in the field during the symposium held at the sixth International Congress of Neuroendocrinology in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA in June 2006. ER - TY - JFULL T1 - Pharmacological management of acute mania - does current prescribing practice reflect treatment guidelines? A1 - Steeruwits, A A1 - Barnes, TRE A1 - Fehler, J A1 - Ohlsen, R A1 - Curtis, VA J1 - J PSYCHOPHARMACOL Y1 - 2007/03// VL - 21 SN - 0269-8811 SP - 206 EP - 209 N2 - The records of 70 inpatients with an acute manic episode were audited, to examine the relationship between current prescribing practice, the recommendations of recent clinical guidance and short-term clinical outcomes. Overall, 38 combinations of medication were prescribed. Within the first 24 hours of treatment, monotherapy with a second generation antipsychotic was favoured. At discharge, combination treatment (a mood stabilizer and a second generation antipsychotic) predominated. Early initiation of medication was significantly associated with an earlier clinical decision to discharge. Prescribing was generally in accord with published guidelines. The findings reinforce the value of prescribing surveys in mental health and the need to share understanding of the constraints that may lead to deviation from prescribing guidelines. ER - TY - JFULL T1 - Characterization of dopaminergic dysfunction in familial progressive supranuclear palsy: an 18F-dopa PET study. A1 - Tai, YF A1 - Ahsan, RL A1 - de Yébenes, JG A1 - Pavese, N A1 - Brooks, DJ A1 - Piccini, P J1 - J Neural Transm Y1 - 2007/03// VL - 114 SN - 0300-9564 SP - 337 EP - 340 N2 - We analyzed (18)F-dopa PET data from 11 members of kindreds with familial progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) to characterize their cerebral dopaminergic dysfunction. Three clinically-affected PSP patients showed reduced (18)F-dopa uptake in the striatum, orbitofrontal cortex and amygdala. One asymptomatic subject exhibited progressive putamen dopaminergic dysfunction. 60% of subjects with abnormal (18)F-dopa scans developed PSP subsequently. This is the first in vivo documentation of cortical dopaminergic deficiency in PSP. Reduced striatal (18)F-dopa uptake in susceptible relatives may predict later clinical disease. L1 - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16897607&query_hl=1 ER - TY - JFULL T1 - Verbal memory in first episode psychosis: Relationship to IQ, executive function and one year outcome A1 - Leeson, V A1 - Barnes, TR A1 - Kapasi, M A1 - Harrison, I A1 - Ron, MA A1 - Joyce, EM J1 - SCHIZOPHRENIA BULL Y1 - 2007/03// VL - 33 SN - 0586-7614 SP - 566 EP - 566 ER - TY - JFULL T1 - Regionally increased efflux of R-[11C] verapamil occurs in some patients with therapy refractory epilepsy A1 - Bauer, M A1 - Langer, O A1 - Hammers, A A1 - Karch, R A1 - Pataraia, E A1 - Zimprich, F A1 - Koepp, M A1 - Abrahim, A A1 - Luurtsema, G A1 - Kletter, K A1 - Baumgartner, C A1 - Muller, M J1 - EPILEPSIA Y1 - 2007/03// VL - 48 SN - 0013-9580 SP - 61 EP - 62 ER - TY - JFULL T1 - Common ABCB1 polymorphisms are not associated with multidrug resistance in epilepsy using a gene-wide tagging approach. A1 - Leschziner, GD A1 - Andrew, T A1 - Leach, JP A1 - Chadwick, D A1 - Coffey, AJ A1 - Balding, DJ A1 - Bentley, DR A1 - Pirmohamed, M A1 - Johnson, MR J1 - Pharmacogenet Genomics Y1 - 2007/03// VL - 17 SN - 1744-6872 SP - 217 EP - 220 N2 - P-glycoprotein, the product of the ABCB1 gene, is a proposed mechanism of pharmacoresistance in epilepsy. Previous attempts to correlate the ABCB1 C3435T SNP, or a three-SNP haplotype containing C3435T with epilepsy pharmacoresistance have produced discordant findings. We analysed these single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), plus a more comprehensive set of tagging SNPs describing common variation in ABCB1 in a case-control study. No significant association of C3435T (P=0.55), the three-SNP haplotype (lowest P=0.14) or any gene-wide tagging SNP (lowest P=0.17) with multidrug resistance in epilepsy was identified. Meta-analysis of studies using the same definition of multidrug resistance (n=1064) also demonstrated no significant association of C3435T with multidrug resistance (P=0.31). These findings suggest that C3435T is unlikely to be a marker for epilepsy multidrug resistance. In addition, no evidence for a role of other common ABCB1 polymorphisms was found using a potentially more powerful gene-wide tagging approach. L1 - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17460550&query_hl=1 ER - TY - JFULL T1 - Pre-synaptic striatal dopamine synthesis capacity in subjects at risk of psychosis A1 - Howes, OD A1 - Montgomery, AJ A1 - Asselin, M A1 - Murray, RM A1 - Grasby, PM A1 - McGuire, PK J1 - SCHIZOPHRENIA BULL Y1 - 2007/03// VL - 33 SN - 0586-7614 SP - 371 EP - 371 ER - TY - JFULL T1 - Guidelines for the conduct of clinical trials for spinal cord injury as developed by the ICCP panel: spontaneous recovery after spinal cord injury and statistical power needed for therapeutic clinical trials. A1 - Fawcett, JW A1 - Curt, A A1 - Steeves, JD A1 - Coleman, WP A1 - Tuszynski, MH A1 - Lammertse, D A1 - Bartlett, PF A1 - Blight, AR A1 - Dietz, V A1 - Ditunno, J A1 - Dobkin, BH A1 - Havton, LA A1 - Ellaway, PH A1 - Fehlings, MG A1 - Privat, A A1 - Grossman, R A1 - Guest, JD A1 - Kleitman, N A1 - Nakamura, M A1 - Gaviria, M A1 - Short, D J1 - Spinal Cord Y1 - 2007/03// VL - 45 SN - 1362-4393 SP - 190 EP - 205 N2 - The International Campaign for Cures of Spinal Cord Injury Paralysis (ICCP) supported an international panel tasked with reviewing the methodology for clinical trials in spinal cord injury (SCI), and making recommendations on the conduct of future trials. This is the first of four papers. Here, we examine the spontaneous rate of recovery after SCI and resulting consequences for achieving statistically significant results in clinical trials. We have reanalysed data from the Sygen trial to provide some of this information. Almost all people living with SCI show some recovery of motor function below the initial spinal injury level. While the spontaneous recovery of motor function in patients with motor-complete SCI is fairly limited and predictable, recovery in incomplete SCI patients (American spinal injury Association impairment scale (AIS) C and AIS D) is both more substantial and highly variable. With motor complete lesions (AIS A/AIS B) the majority of functional return is within the zone of partial preservation, and may be sufficient to reclassify the injury level to a lower spinal level. The vast majority of recovery occurs in the first 3 months, but a small amount can persist for up to 18 months or longer. Some sensory recovery occurs after SCI, on roughly the same time course as motor recovery. Based on previous data of the magnitude of spontaneous recovery after SCI, as measured by changes in ASIA motor scores, power calculations suggest that the number of subjects required to achieve a significant result from a trial declines considerably as the start of the study is delayed after SCI. Trials of treatments that are most efficacious when given soon after injury will therefore, require larger patient numbers than trials of treatments that are effective at later time points. As AIS B patients show greater spontaneous recovery than AIS A patients, the number of AIS A patients requiring to be enrolled into a trial is lower. This factor will have to be balanced against the possibility that some treatments will be more effective in incomplete patients. Trials involving motor incomplete SCI patients, or trials where an accurate assessment of AIS grade cannot be made before the start of the trial, will require large subject numbers and/or better objective assessment methods. L1 - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17179973&query_hl=1 ER - TY - JFULL T1 - Befriending patients with medication-resistant schizophrenia: can psychotic symptoms predict treatment response? A1 - Samarasekera, N A1 - Kingdon, D A1 - Siddle, R A1 - O'Carroll, M A1 - Scott, JL A1 - Sensky, T A1 - Barnes, TR A1 - Turkington, D J1 - Psychol Psychother Y1 - 2007/03// VL - 80 SN - 1476-0835 SP - 97 EP - 106 N2 - OBJECTIVES: Supportive interventions are used in schizophrenia, but little research has been conducted into whether any baseline variable predicts treatment response. The aim of this study was to establish if baseline delusions or hallucinations are associated with changes in overall symptoms in patients who received a befriending intervention. DESIGN: The sample consisted of 44 patients with schizophrenia. These patients comprised the befriending arm of a multicentre randomized controlled trial which compared the efficacy of using CBT against befriending as an adjunct to routine care for patients with medication-resistant schizophrenia. METHODS: Scores for auditory hallucinations and delusions relating to persecution or control were entered into two regression models. The dependent variables were change in overall symptoms (1) between baseline and end of the intervention, and (2) between baseline and 9 months post-intervention. RESULTS: Baseline delusions predicted a good response and auditory hallucinations predicted a poor response at 9 months. CONCLUSIONS: Baseline psychotic symptoms strongly predicted outcome in this sample. The finding that hallucinations predicted a poor outcome is consistent with previous research. These results may help to determine which patients would benefit from supportive interventions. L1 - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17346383&query_hl=1 ER - TY - JFULL T1 - The cadherincatenin complex in meningiomas A1 - Kastarou, A A1 - Barker, JV A1 - Farrar, M A1 - Essex, D A1 - O'Neill, K A1 - Roncaroli, F J1 - LAB INVEST Y1 - 2007/03// VL - 87 SN - 0023-6837 SP - 298A EP - 298A ER - TY - JFULL T1 - From the Editor's desk A1 - Tyrer, P J1 - BRIT J PSYCHIAT Y1 - 2007/03// VL - 190 SN - 0007-1250 SP - 282 EP - 282 ER - TY - JFULL T1 - The global burden of headache: a documentation of headache prevalence and disability worldwide A1 - Stovner, LJ A1 - Hagen, K A1 - Jensen, R A1 - Katsarava, Z A1 - Lipton, RB A1 - Scher, AI A1 - Steiner, TJ A1 - Zwart, JA J1 - CEPHALALGIA Y1 - 2007/03// VL - 27 SN - 0333-1024 SP - 193 EP - 210 N2 - This study, which is a part of the initiative 'Lifting The Burden: The Global Campaign to Reduce the Burden of Headache Worldwide', assesses and presents all existing evidence of the world prevalence and burden of headache disorders. Population-based studies applying International Headache Society criteria for migraine and tension-type headache, and also studies on headache in general and 'chronic daily headache', have been included. Globally, the percentages of the adult population with an active headache disorder are 46% for headache in general, 11% for migraine, 42% for tension-type headache and 3% for chronic daily headache. Our calculations indicate that the disability attributable to tension-type headache is larger worldwide than that due to migraine. On the World Health Organization's ranking of causes of disability, this would bring headache disorders into the 10 most disabling conditions for the two genders, and into the five most disabling for women. ER - TY - JFULL T1 - Guidelines for the conduct of clinical trials for spinal cord injury as developed by the ICCP Panel: clinical trial inclusion/exclusion criteria and ethics. A1 - Tuszynski, MH A1 - Steeves, JD A1 - Fawcett, JW A1 - Lammertse, D A1 - Kalichman, M A1 - Rask, C A1 - Curt, A A1 - Ditunno, JF A1 - Fehlings, MG A1 - Guest, JD A1 - Ellaway, PH A1 - Kleitman, N A1 - Bartlett, PF A1 - Blight, AR A1 - Dietz, V A1 - Dobkin, BH A1 - Grossman, R A1 - Privat, A A1 - International Campaign for Cures of Spinal Cord Injury Paralysis J1 - Spinal Cord Y1 - 2007/03// VL - 45 SN - 1362-4393 SP - 222 EP - 231 N2 - The International Campaign for Cures of Spinal Cord Injury Paralysis established a panel tasked with reviewing the methodology for clinical trials for spinal cord injury (SCI), and making recommendations on the conduct of future trials. This is the third of four papers. It examines inclusion and exclusion criteria that can influence the design and analysis of clinical trials in SCI, together with confounding variables and ethical considerations. Inclusion and exclusion criteria for clinical trials should consider several factors. Among these are (1) the enrollment of subjects at appropriate stages after SCI, where there is supporting data from animal models or previous human studies; (2) the severity, level, type, or size of the cord injury, which can influence spontaneous recovery rate and likelihood that an experimental treatment will clinically benefit the subject; and (3) the confounding effects of various independent variables such as pre-existing or concomitant medical conditions, other medications, surgical interventions, and rehabilitation regimens. An issue of substantial importance in the design of clinical trials for SCI is the inclusion of blinded assessments and sham surgery controls: every effort should be made to address these major issues prospectively and carefully, if clear and objective information is to be gained from a clinical trial. The highest ethical standards must be respected in the performance of clinical trials, including the adequacy and clarity of informed consent. L1 - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17179971&query_hl=1 ER - TY - JFULL T1 - VBM signatures of abnormal eating behaviours in frontotemporal lobar degeneration A1 - Whitwell, JL A1 - Sampson, EL A1 - Loy, CT A1 - Warren, JE A1 - Rossor, MN A1 - Fox, NC A1 - Warren, JD J1 - NEUROIMAGE Y1 - 2007/03// VL - 35 SN - 1053-8119 SP - 207 EP - 213 N2 - The brain bases of specific human behaviours in health and disease are not well established. In this voxel-based morphometric (VBM) study we demonstrate neuroanatomical signatures of different abnormalities of eating behaviour (pathological sweet tooth and increased food consumption, or hyperphagia) in individuals with frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD). Sixteen male patients with FTLD were assessed using the Manchester and Oxford Universities Scale for the Psychopathological Assessment of Dementia and classified according to the presence or absence of abnormal eating behaviours. Volumetric brain magnetic resonance imaging was performed in all patients and in a group of nine healthy age-matched male controls and grey matter changes were assessed using an optimised VBM protocol. Compared with healthy controls, the FTLD group had a typical pattern of extensive bilateral grey matter loss predominantly involving the frontal and temporal lobes. Within the FTLD group, grey matter changes associated with different abnormal behaviours were assessed independently using a covariate-only model. The development of pathological sweet tooth was associated with grey matter loss in a distributed brain network including bilateral posterolateral orbitofrontal cortex (Brodmann areas 12/47) and right anterior insula. Hyperphagia was associated with more focal grey matter loss in anterolateral OFC bilaterally (Brodmann area 11). In accord with emerging evidence in humans and other species, our findings implicate distinct components of a multi-component brain network in the control of specific aspects of eating behaviour. (c) 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. ER - TY - JFULL T1 - Using activity data to explore the influence of case-load size on care patterns. A1 - Burns, T A1 - Yiend, J A1 - Doll, H A1 - Fahy, T A1 - Fiander, M A1 - Tyrer, P J1 - Br J Psychiatry Y1 - 2007/03// VL - 190 SN - 0007-1250 SP - 217 EP - 222 N2 - BACKGROUND: A limited case-load size is considered crucial for some forms of intensive case management and many countries have undertaken extensive reorganisation of mental health services to achieve this. However, there has been limited empirical work to explore this specifically. AIMS: To test whether there is a discrete threshold for changes in intensive case management practice determined by case-load size. METHOD: "Virtual" case-load sizes were calculated for patients from their actual contacts over a 2-year period and were compared with the proportions of contacts devoted to medical and non-medical care (as a proxy for a more comprehensive service model). RESULTS: There were 39 025 recordings for 545 patients over 2 years, with a mean rate of contacts per full-time case manager per month of 48 (range 35-60). There was no variation in the proportion of non-medical contacts when case-load sizes were over 1:20 but there was a convincing linear relationship when sizes were between 1:10 and 1:20. CONCLUSIONS: Case-load size between 1:10 and 1:20 does affect the practice of case management. However, there is no support for a paradigm shift in practice at a discrete level. L1 - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17329741&query_hl=1 ER - TY - JFULL T1 - Scanning for the scanner: FMRI of audition by read-out omissions from echo-planar imaging. A1 - Bartsch, AJ A1 - Homola, G A1 - Thesen, S A1 - Sahmer, P A1 - Keim, R A1 - Beckmann, CF A1 - Biller, A A1 - Knaus, C A1 - Bendszus, M J1 - Neuroimage Y1 - 2007/03// VL - 35 SN - 1053-8119 SP - 234 EP - 243 N2 - Echo-planar imaging (EPI) generates considerable acoustic noise by rapidly oscillating gradients. In functional magnetic resonance imaging (FMRI), unshielded EPI sounds activate the auditory system inasmuch as it is responsive. Instead of attenuating EPI noise, our goal was to utilize it for auditory FMRI by omitting read-outs from the pulse sequence's gradient train. Read-out gradient pulses are the primary noise determinant of EPI introducing its peak sound level and fundamental frequency peak which inversely relates to twice the echo spacing. Using model-driven analyses, we demonstrate that withholding read-outs from EPI is suited to reliably evoke hemodynamic blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) signal modulations bilaterally in the auditory cortex of normal hearing subjects (n=60). To investigate the utility of EPI read-out omissions for auditory FMRI at an individual subject's level, we compare traditional Family-Wise-Error-Rate (FWER)-corrected maximum height thresholding to spatial mixture modeling (SMM). With the latter, appropriate bilateral auditory activations were confirmed in 95% of the individuals, whereas FWER-based voxel thresholding detected such activations in up to 72%. We illustrate the applicability of this novel EPI modification for clinical diagnostic purposes and report on a patient with bilateral large vestibular aqueducts (LVAs) and severe binaural sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL). In this particular case, read-out omissions from EPI were used to assert residual audition prior to cochlear implantation (CI). Requiring no specific task compliance or sophisticated stimulation equipment other than the scanner on its own, FMRI by read-out omissions lends itself to auditory investigations and to quickly probe audition. L1 - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17188900&query_hl=1 ER - TY - JFULL T1 - Screening for the metabolic syndrome in people receiving antipsychotic medication in assertive outreach teams: Results of the POMH-UK baseline audit A1 - Barnes, TR A1 - Paton, C A1 - Hancock, E A1 - Cavanagh, M A1 - Taylor, D A1 - Lelliott, P A1 - POMH-UK Project Team J1 - SCHIZOPHRENIA BULL Y1 - 2007/03// VL - 33 SN - 0586-7614 SP - 494 EP - 494 ER - TY - JFULL T1 - Befriending patients with medication-resistant schizophrenia: Can psychotic symptoms predict treatment response? A1 - Samarasekera, N A1 - Kingdon, D A1 - Siddle, R A1 - O'Carroll, M A1 - Scott, JL A1 - Sensky, T A1 - Barnes, TRE A1 - Turkington, D J1 - PSYCHOL PSYCHOTHER-T Y1 - 2007/03// VL - 80 SN - 1476-0835 SP - 97 EP - 106 N2 - Objectives. Supportive interventions are used in schizophrenia, but little research has been conducted into whether any baseline variable predicts treatment response. The aim of this study was to establish if baseline delusions or hallucinations are associated with changes in overall symptoms in patients who received a befriending intervention.Design. The sample consisted of 44 patients with schizophrenia. These patients comprised the befriending arm of a multicentre randomized controlled trial which compared the efficacy of using CBT against befriending as an adjunct to routine care for patients with medication-resistant schizophrenia.Methods. Scores for auditory hallucinations and delusions relating to persecution or control were entered into two regression models. The dependent variables were change in overall symptoms (1) between baseline and end of the intervention, and (2) between baseline and 9 months post-intervention.Results. Baseline delusions predicted a good response and auditory hallucinations predicted a poor response at 9 months.Conclusions. Baseline psychotic symptoms strongly predicted outcome in this sample. The finding that hallucinations predicted a poor outcome is consistent with previous research. These results may help to determine which patients would benefit from supportive interventions. ER - TY - JFULL T1 - Optimized clonotypic analysis of T-cell receptor repertoire in immune reconstitution. A1 - Packer, AN A1 - Muraro, PA J1 - Exp Hematol Y1 - 2007/03// VL - 35 SN - 0301-472X SP - 516 EP - 521 N2 - OBJECTIVE: In recent years, T-cell receptor (TCR) sequencing analysis has proven an effective technique for the identification of T-cell populations of interest in cancer and autoimmunity, as well as for the characterization of peripheral immune repertoire reconstitution after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). However, despite its increased utilization, to our knowledge no group has investigated the minimum number of sequences necessary to accurately and efficiently describe the composition of TCR repertoire. The primary aim of this study was to optimize a procedure for clonotypic analysis of the TCR repertoire in patients undergoing autologous HSCT. MATERIALS AND METHODS: TCR beta-chain diversity was analyzed by DNA sequencing and CDR3 spectratyping CD8(+) T cells isolated from three patients with multiple sclerosis undergoing autologous HSCT. Samples were collected at baseline and 1 or 2 years post-HSCT. RESULTS: Using DNA cloning and high throughput sequencing, we analyzed over 1500 in-frame TCR sequences, allowing us to evaluate how our measures of TCR repertoire diversity change with increasing numbers of sequences included in the analysis. Our findings show that by analyzing 75 to 100 in-frame sequences, we are able to estimate TCR diversity within 5.0% to 7.4% of the values obtained at endpoint analysis (213-312 sequences per sample). CONCLUSIONS: This study confirms the use of TCR sequencing as an effective technique for the characterization of immune renewal after autologous HSCT. In addition, we demonstrate for the first time convincing evidence to support the use of moderate sample sizes to accurately and efficiently evaluate TCR repertoire diversity. L1 - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17309832&query_hl=1 ER - TY - JFULL T1 - Cognitive functioning in psychosis: Relationship to objective and subjective measures of outcome A1 - Jabben, N A1 - Krabbendam, L A1 - Burns, T A1 - Tatton, T A1 - Green, J A1 - Tyrer, P A1 - Murray, R A1 - Van Os, J J1 - SCHIZOPHRENIA BULL Y1 - 2007/03// VL - 33 SN - 0586-7614 SP - 591 EP - 591 ER - TY - JFULL T1 - The cadherincatenin complex in meningiomas A1 - Kastarou, A A1 - Barker, JV A1 - Farrar, M A1 - Essex, D A1 - O'Neill, K A1 - Roncaroli, F J1 - MODERN PATHOL Y1 - 2007/03// VL - 20 SN - 0893-3952 SP - 298A EP - 298A ER - TY - JFULL T1 - Guidelines for the conduct of clinical trials for spinal cord injury as developed by the ICCP panel: clinical trial design. A1 - Lammertse, D A1 - Tuszynski, MH A1 - Steeves, JD A1 - Curt, A A1 - Fawcett, JW A1 - Rask, C A1 - Ditunno, JF A1 - Fehlings, MG A1 - Guest, JD A1 - Ellaway, PH A1 - Kleitman, N A1 - Blight, AR A1 - Dobkin, BH A1 - Grossman, R A1 - Katoh, H A1 - Privat, A A1 - Kalichman, M A1 - International Campaign for Cures of Spinal Cord Injury Paralysis J1 - Spinal Cord Y1 - 2007/03// VL - 45 SN - 1362-4393 SP - 232 EP - 242 N2 - The International Campaign for Cures of Spinal Cord Injury Paralysis established a panel tasked with reviewing the methodology for clinical trials for spinal cord injury (SCI), and making recommendations on the conduct of future trials. This is the fourth of four papers. Here, we examine the phases of a clinical trial program, the elements, types, and protocols for valid clinical trial design. The most rigorous and valid SCI clinical trial would be a prospective double-blind randomized control trial utilizing appropriate placebo control subjects. However, in specific situations, it is recognized that other trial procedures may have to be considered. We review the strengths and limitations of the various types of clinical trials with specific reference to SCI. It is imperative that the design and conduct of SCI clinical trials should meet appropriate standards of scientific inquiry to insure that meaningful conclusions about efficacy and safety can be achieved and that the interests of trial subjects are protected. We propose these clinical trials guidelines for use by the SCI clinical research community. L1 - http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17179970&query_hl=1 ER - TY - JFULL T1 - Missense mutations in the BCS1L gene as a cause of the Bjornstad syndrome A1 - Hinson, JT A1 - Fantin, VR A1 - Schonberger, J A1 - Breivik, N A1 - Siem, G A1 - McDonough, B A1 - Sharma, P A1 - Keogh, I A1 - Godinho, R A1 - Santos, F A1 - Esparza, A A1 - Nicolau, Y A1 - Selvaag, E A1 - Cohen, BH A1 - Hoppel, CL A1 - Tranebjaerg, L A1 - Eavey, RD A1 - Seidman, JG A1 - Seidman, CE J1 - NEW ENGL J MED Y1 - 2007/02/22/ VL - 356 SN - 0028-4793 SP - 809 EP - 819 N2 - Background: The Bjornstad syndrome, an autosomal recessive disorder associated with sensorineural hearing loss and pili torti, is caused by mutation of a previously unidentified gene on chromosome 2q34-36.Methods: Refined genetic mapping and DNA sequencing of 44 genes between D2S2210 and D2S2244 revealed BCS1L mutations. Functional analyses elucidated how BCS1L mutations cause the Bjornstad syndrome.Results: BCS1L encodes a member of the AAA family of ATPases that is necessary for the assembly of complex III in the mitochondria. In addition to the Bjornstad syndrome, BCS1L mutations cause complex III deficiency and the GRACILE syndrome, which in neonates are lethal conditions that have multisystem and neurologic manifestations typifying severe mitochondrial disorders. Patients with the Bjornstad syndrome have mutations that alter residues involved in protein-protein interactions, whereas mutations in patients with complex III deficiency alter